The word "speci alty" comes from the Latin "specialis", which translates as "special". The meaning of the speci alty is often confused with the concepts of the profession or the direction of training. Let's look at the definitions in more detail.
The concept of speci alty
Speci alty is a branch of science or technology, as well as a set of knowledge, skills, abilities acquired through education, training and work experience within any profession. A speci alty is the possession of certain competencies of some kind of occupation.
Speci alties vary by level of vocational education:
- medium;
- superior.
Training programs, their structure and requirements for faculties and speci alties are approved by the Ministry of Education and Science according to the Federal State Educational Standards (FSES). The modern system of higher education in Russia includes 648 speci alties, which are grouped into 28 groups. The system of secondary specialized education provides training in 259 speci alties,combined into 26 groups.
The difference from the profession and the direction of training
In colloquial speech, an educational speci alty can mean a profession, for example: "My son is a programmer by profession." This refers to belonging to the profession. However, the difference lies in the fact that the concept of a profession is wider and may include a group of several speci alties, that is, this is the direction of labor activity of a person with the necessary knowledge and skills.
Example: The profession of a programmer includes speci alties such as web programmer, computer security, business informatics, software engineering, information systems and technology.
In addition, there is a formal difference - you can master a profession on your own (builder, writer, programmer), and to get a speci alty you need to undergo training, pass exams and receive a supporting document (diploma, certificate).
The direction of training is an enlarged association of speci alties of an educational institution, which is regulated by the Federal State Educational Standard. Example:
Direction 38.03.02 "Management" includes training in the following speci alties:
- "Financial and investment management".
- "Marketing and management of innovative projects".
- "Economics and management at the enterprise".
Classifier of speci alties
To ensure the exchange of data between government departments in the field of education, the All-Russian Classification of Speci alties (OKSO) was created. Tasks OKSO:
-regulation of licensing of educational activities;
- statistical analysis;
- accounting and processing of information;
- regulation of the level of training of graduates in Russia in accordance with international standards.
Each speci alty according to OKSO has its own code of the form: xxxxxx, where:
- the first two characters correspond to an enlarged group of areas of study;
- the second two characters are the numbers of directions;
- fifth and sixth characters indicate the group's speci alty number.
For example, some university majors:
270112 - Water supply and sanitation.
160203 – Manufacture of aircraft.
060112 – Medical biochemistry.
070204 – Theater directing.
040201 – Sociology.
140501 – Internal combustion engines.
210407 - Operation of communications equipment.
150102 – Metallurgy of non-ferrous materials.
Typology
There is a division according to the system of human interaction with the outside world and the acquired speci alty. This typology looks like this:
1. Man is man. Professions of this type are aimed at working with other people:
- he althcare (paramedic, doctor, nurse);
- jurisprudence (lawyer);
- education (psychologist, teacher, educator).
2. Man is living nature. The type of activity is aimed at studying flora and fauna, care and maintenance, creation of new species:
- forestry;
- agronomy;
- veterinary;
- soil science;
- ecology.
3. Man is technology. The speci alty of this group includes everything related to technology, machines, equipment:
- installation, adjustment and repair (locksmith, adjuster);
- transport management (driver);
- metallurgy, mechanical engineering (technologist);
- aircraft industry (technician, engineer).
4. Man is a sign system. Here are the speci alties associated with various symbols, signs, calculations:
- programming;
- economics (accountants, estimators);
- linguistics (translators, publishers, editors).
5. Man is culture. This includes any creative speci alties related to broadcasting or the creation of any artistic value:
- fine arts (artists, designers);
- architecture (designer, restorer);
- musical art (academic singing, folk singing);
- choreographic art.
Receive
Training and assignment of a speci alty is the competence of the following educational institutions:
- colleges;
- colleges;
- academy;
- institutions;
- Universities.
Colleges and technical schools belong to secondary specialized educational institutions. Academies, institutes and universities - to higher educational institutions. Some institutes may be part of the university. All universities must have a license to conduct educational activities. To have the right to issue diplomas in speci alties, an educational institution must be accredited.
Most in-demand majors
In 2018, the list of the most popular speci alties, according to the State Service for Labor and Employment, included:
- Processing engineer.
- IT specialist.
- Robotics.
- Architect.
- Design Engineer.
- Web designer.
- Agricultural engineer.
- Marketer, internet marketer.
- Designer.
- PR specialist.
Prospective speci alties in the next 5-7 years include:
- Bioethicist.
- Genetic consultant.
- Eco-analyst in construction.
- Medical robot designer
- Information systems architect.
- Coach of creative states.
