The verb has/have is one of the most frequently used in English, translated into Russian as “to have”, “to own”. In addition to these meanings, the word can acquire a different meaning depending on the phrases and expressions in which it participates. Also, the auxiliary verb has is used in the formation of such tenses as perfect (Perfect Tense) and long perfect (Perfect Continuous Tense).
Basic rules of formation and application
The verb have in English has three functional features:
• Full-valued semantic - the word is used independently, because it denotes the full semantic load of a state or action. The verb has has two forms in the present tense. Have is used for all persons (I, you, you, they, we), except for the third person singular. With nouns (brother, dog) and pronouns (he, she, it), the verb has is used. In the past tense, the word has the form had.
• Auxiliary - used together with a full-value semantic word. As a function word, the verb has is used in the formation of such tenses as perfect and continuous perfect.
• Modal - expresses the attitude of the person, designated by a noun or pronoun, to any state or action (desirability, necessity, probability, possibility, etc.).
The construction looks like this: noun or pronoun + verb has, have, had (depending on tense and person) + particle to + infinitive + other words.
Let's look at some examples:
- He has to work very hard these 6 months. These six months he needs to work very hard.
- I have to be fully ready for it. I have to be fully prepared for this.
- We had to sell our apartment in America. We had to sell our apartment in America.
- She had to behave herself more politely if she wanted to get this position in the bank. She should have been more polite if she wanted to get this job at the bank.
Designs
The verb has got is the most frequently used construction with this word. But this statement only applies to English speakers in the United Kingdom. The British use have got only in everyday conversation, and in formal cases they use to have/has.
Americans, in turn, also use this construction, but in certain cases, if a person wants to strengthen the sentence. For an exampleLet's take the sentence "I have got a spaceship": the speaker focuses the listener's attention on the fact that he was lucky enough to become the owner of a mysterious spaceship. Or the phrase “I haven’t got any information”, thanks to which we understand that the person has nothing to answer to the questioner.
Phrasal verbs
A phrasal verb is a phrase in which the main word is a word denoting an action, with an adverb or preposition that gives the verb a new meaning. Very often, the former meaning changes dramatically, and it is impossible to memorize the translation except by memorization.
List of commonly used phrasal verbs and set expressions with to have:
- have down - accept someone as a guest;
- have off - learn by heart, take time off;
- have on - to be dressed in something;
- have out - sort things out, remove (tonsils, teeth);
- have over - to receive guests in your house, to come to an end (usually something unpleasant);
- have up - call, prosecute;
- have breakfast (dinner, lunch) - have breakfast;
- have a coffee (tea) - drink coffee (tea);
- have a date (meeting) - invite on a date (make an appointment);
- have a lesson - attend class;
- have fun - have fun, have fun;
- have a haircut - cut your hair;
- have luck - to succeed, to be lucky;
- have a baby - give birth.
Perfect tense
Perfect's times can safely be called different from the rest,because they do not denote the period of any event, but an action that has already taken place by a certain moment in the present, past or future.
The perfect tense is formed using the form of the verb has (third person singular) + the verb in the third form (past participle) or with the ending -ed. For other persons, it is only necessary to change has to have.
As an illustrative example, consider a few sentences:
- I have packed my things for tomorrow’s journey. I packed my things for tomorrow's trip.
- He has fed two dogs and the cat already. He has already fed two dogs and a cat.
- Sister had written her schedule at 9 pm. At nine o'clock in the evening, my sister wrote her schedule.
- We shall have arrived there by the morning. We'll be there in the morning.
Perfect long time
Perfect Continuous is not as popular as Simple Tense among English-speaking people, because the construction is quite long. But knowing the rules of education and use is very important. In some cases, a perfect long time can be replaced by a perfect one, but there are situations when such a substitution is simply unacceptable.
The peculiarity of the Perfect Continuous group is that it is a combination of two aspects - perfect and long tenses - and indicates the duration of the action, but does not indicate the final moment of its completion. With the help of Present Perfect Continuous we cancommunicate when an action started in the past, thereby making it clear that it is still ongoing and may well be happening in the future.
This time is characterized by such words and expressions as quite a while (long enough), lately (the other day, recently), recently (recently), all day (the whole day) and prepositions since (since since, after) and for (during).
For better assimilation, let's analyze sentences using Present Perfect Continuous:
- Father has been doing nothing since morning. Father has been doing nothing since morning (and still has nothing to do).
- I've been working for two hours and want to relax finally. I've been working for two hours and I want to finally relax. (I started working two hours ago, I have been working for the last two hours, currently I am still working, but I already want to take a break.)
Assignments for children and adults
Exercise 1. Insert into the sentences have, has or had:
1) She _ an interesting magazine. She has an interesting journal.
2) I _ a wonderful day yesterday. I had a wonderful day yesterday.
3) This toy _ a terrible noise. This toy makes a terrible noise.
4) Your sister _ a very beautiful dress. Your sister has a very beautiful dress.
5) Maria’s house _ only one floor. Maria's house has only one floor.
6) They _ he alth problems. They have he alth problems.7) We will _ a new computer! We will have a new computer!
Exercise 2. Insert into have got or has got sentences:
1) We _ a meeting at theuniversity. We have a meeting at the university.
2) He _ two options. He has two options.
3) My phone _ several themes. There are several themes on my phone.
4) Their son _ a flat in London. Their son owns an apartment in London.5) I _ a new set of glasses. I have a set of glasses.
Exercise 3. Make up interrogative sentences with have got and has got:
1) _ you _ a pen and a piece of paper? Do you have a pen and paper?
2) _ she _ a pet? Does she have a pet?
3) _ we _ some money? Do we have some money?
4) _ this perfume _ nice smell? Does this perfume smell good?
5) _ I _ a couple of minutes? Do I have a couple of minutes?
6) _ our mother _ a bar of chocolate? Does our mom have a chocolate bar?7) _ they _ wonderful view from the window of their room? Does their room have a beautiful view?
Exercise 4. Translate the sentences into English using have (got), has (got), had:
1) Do you have an umbrella?
2) Does the library have the necessary books?
3) Which of these boxes contains medicines?
4) The album contains vacation photos.
5) Does she have a passport?
6) He has a bottle of water.
7) Do any of you have children? 8) I have grandparents.
9) I used to have long hair.
10) We had a fun weekend.
