The Russian language is rich in spelling, every child knows this. Since childhood, in the Russian language lessons, we have been learning numerous rules, which cannot be counted, but all in order to know the correct spelling of words. All spellings of the Russian language cannot be counted, there are so many of them that even philologists sometimes confuse and forget them. This article will help you understand the basic rules of spelling.
Unstressed checkable vowels in the root and spelling "cha, shcha"
Children begin to learn this rule, as a rule, in the first grade or in kindergarten. The rule helps to find out which letter is written in the root of the word. For example, in the word "clearing" you can write both the letter "o" and the letter "a". To find out which letter is written in a word, you need to pick up a single-root word. The appropriate word would be "chara", because here the emphasis falls on the letter "a". This means that "charm" is also written with the letter "a" in the root.
It is worth considering that spelling in Russian may overlap. For example, another equally important rule would bespelling "cha, shcha". Words starting with "cha, sha" are always written with the letter "a". For example, bowl, chara, charm, cup, etc.
Unchecked vowels at the root of a word
Unchecked vowels at the root of a word - this is the most unloved rule of schoolchildren in primary grades. After all, when writing words with such a spelling, no rules will help. Orthograms of the Russian language with an unverifiable vowel are not fundamentally checked, the spelling of such words must be remembered. Vowels cannot be checked in words such as: birch, raspberry, vinaigrette, alley, plant, people, banana, chocolate, diamond, etc. The spelling of such words must be remembered once and for all so as not to make mistakes.
Unpronounceable consonants at the root of a word
It is very important to study the rule of unpronounceable consonants at the root of a word, because this spelling is often found in writing. Most often, unpronounceable consonants are root-checked. For example: dangerous - dangerous, heart - heart, sun - sun, giant - giant, happy - happiness, silence - rumor, etc.
Spelling of prefixes ending in z-, s-
In fact, people often make mistakes in prefixes ending in z- and s-, even if they know Russian well. Orthograms of prefixes are common, so you just need to remember what the spelling of the prefix depends on. Prefixes on z- and s- are: air- / air-, through- / through-, air- / sun-, air- / air-, from- / is-,times-/ras-, without-/bes- and roses-/ros-.
In order to understand which letter is written, you need to look at the next one. If the letter following the prefix is a deaf consonant (k, p, t, w, u, f, x, h, s, c), then the prefix is \u200b\u200bwritten with the letter "s", such a rule provides for the Russian language. Orthograms indicate that if the subsequent sound is voiced, then a prefix with the ending "z" is written. Examples with "s": flare, painting, discolor, endless, etc. Examples with "z": excessive, joyless, product, look, etc.
Alternating root vowels
Changing vowels in roots is an important rule that will accompany a student from 5th to 11th grade. There is a spelling for vowel alternation in roots in almost all exams, such as the OGE (GIA) and the Unified State Examination.
Spellings in the Russian language provide for the existence of four groups of alternation, each must be considered in detail:
Roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the subsequent suffix:
-ber-/bir-, -ter-/-tir-, -per-/-fir-, -steel-/-steel-, -glitter-/-glitter-, -der-/-dir -.
At the root of the word, the letter "and" is written if the suffix -a- follows: freeze (but freeze), burn (but burn), shine (but shine), etc.
At the root of the word, "a" is written if the suffix starts with -a-: touch (but touch), offer (but offer), etc.
Roots in which the spelling of a vowel depends on the stress in the word:
-gar-/-gor-, -creature-/-creator-, -clan-/-clone-, -zar-/-zor-.
If in a wordthe accent falls on the letter "a", then "a" is also written in the root: tan, bow, glow, dawn, etc.
If in a word the stress does not fall on the root, then it is written "o": creation, bow, sunbathing, dawn, etc.
The spelling of a vowel at the root of a word depends on the letter behind this vowel:
-growth-/-grove-/-groves-, -jump-/-skoch-.
The letter "a" is written before "st" and "u": plant, grown, etc. The letter "o" is written in all other cases. Exceptions: sprout, teenage, growth, usurer, Rostov, etc.
"A" is written before "k", and "o" is written before "h": jump, jump, etc. Exceptions: jump, jump, etc.
The spelling of the vowel is fundamentally dependent on the meaning:
-poppy-/-mok-, -equal-/-equal-.
In the first case, "a" is written if the meaning of the word has the meaning of immersion in water: dip, dip, etc. It is written "o" with the meaning of liquid: wet, get wet, wet, etc.
In the second case, "a" is written when the meaning is synonymous with the word "same": equal, equal, etc. It is written "o" when the meaning is synonymous with the word "straight": even, align, etc.
Letters "i", "s" after "c"
The Russian language is rich in various rules. Orthograms are found here and there. It is exactly the same with the letters "i", "s" after the consonant "c", schoolchildren very often get confused in theirspelling. In fact, in order to correctly write words with such a spelling, you need to remember in which cases they write "and" and in which "s":
- "and" are written at the root of the word: number, quote, circus, cylinder, etc.
- "and" are written in words beginning with "tion": nation, lecture, conference, information, privatization, etc.
- "s" is written in the endings and suffixes of words: (no) queen, (shawl) Lisitsyn, (no) stepdaughter, etc.
- "s" is written in exception words: gypsy, chicken, chick-chick, poke, tiptoe, etc.
Spelling prefixes pre- and pre-
Spelling prefixes complicates the Russian language quite a bit. Spellings for this part of the word are contained very often and in large numbers. However, the pre- and pre- prefix rule is fairly easy to remember.
Used prefix pre- when:
- It has the meaning of the prefix re-: stop, block, successor, etc.
- Gives the word the highest degree of quality: sweet, kind, ex alt, surpass, exceed, etc.
Use the prefix when-when:
- It has the meaning of proximity: seaside, backyard, court, railway station, etc.
- It has the meaning of addition and approximation: fasten, lead, etc.
- Indicates the incompleteness of the action: close, lie down, start, calm down, etc.
- Indicates the completeness of the action: cut, mute, etc.
As you know, everyoneorthograms of the Russian language have been studied for many years. In order to be literate and educated, it is necessary to memorize these spelling rules and do practical tasks. Every spelling rule is scrutinized in schools.
