The division of the country into controlled regions has always been one of the foundations of the state structure of Russia. Borders within the country change regularly even in the 21st century, subject to administrative reforms. And at the stages of the Muscovy and the Russian Empire, this happened much more often due to the annexation of new lands, a change in political power or course.
The division of the country in the 15th-17th centuries
At the stage of the Muscovite state, counties were the main territorial and administrative unit. They were located within the borders of the once independent principalities and were ruled by governors appointed by the king. It is noteworthy that in the European part of the state, large cities (Tver, Vladimir, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod, etc.) were administratively independent territories and were not part of the county, although they were their capitals. In the 21st century, Moscow found itself in a similar situation, which is the de facto center of its region, but de jure it is a city of federal significance, that is, a separate region.
Each county, in turn, was divided into volosts - districts, the center of which was a large village or small town with adjacent lands. Also in the northern lands there was a division into camps, graveyards, villages or settlements in various combinations.
Border or newly annexed territories did not have counties. For example, the lands from Lake Onega to the northern part of the Ural Mountains and up to the shores of the Arctic Ocean were called Pomorie. And the Left-Bank Ukraine, which became part of the Moscow kingdom at the end of the 16th century, was divided into regiments - Kyiv, Poltava, Chernigov, etc.
In general, the division of the Muscovite state was very confusing, but it made it possible to develop the basic principles on which the administration of territories was built in the following centuries. And the most important of them is unity of command.
The division of the country in the 18th century
According to historians, the formation of the administrative division of the country took place in several stages, reforms, of which the main ones occurred in the 18th century. The provinces of the Russian Empire appeared after the Decree of Peter I in 1708, and at first there were only 8 of them - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk, Kyiv, Azov, Kazan and Siberia. A few years later, the Riga and Astrakhan provinces were added to them. Each of them received not only land and a viceroy (governor), but also their coat of arms.
Educated regions were oversized and therefore poorly managed. Therefore, the following reforms were aimed at reducing them and dividing them into subordinate units. Key milestones in this process:
- The second reform of Peter I from 1719, in which the provinces of the Russian Empire began to be divided into provinces and districts. Subsequently, the latter were replaced by counties.
- The reform of 1727, which continued the process of disaggregation of territories. As a result, there were 14 provinces and 250 counties in the country.
- Reform of the beginning of the reign of Catherine I. During 1764-1766, border and remote territories were formed in the province.
- Catherine's reform of 1775. The "Institution for the Administration of Provinces" signed by the Empress marked the largest administrative-territorial changes in the history of the country, which lasted 10 years.
At the end of the century, the country was divided into 38 governorships, 3 provinces and an area with a special status (Tauride). Within all regions, 483 counties were allocated, which became a secondary territorial unit.
Vicarages and provinces of the Russian Empire in the 18th century did not last long within the boundaries approved by Catherine I. The process of administrative division continued into the next century.
The division of the country in the 19th century
The term "provinces of the Russian Empire" was returned during the reforms of Paul I, who made an unsuccessful attempt to reduce the number of regions from 51 to 42. But most of the transformations he carried out were subsequently canceled.
In the 19th century, the process of administrative-territorial division focused on the formation of regions in the Asian part of the country and in the annexed territories. Among the many changes, the following stand out:
- Under Alexander I in 1803, the Tomsk and Yenisei provinces appeared, and the Kamchatka Territory was separated from the Irkutsk lands. In the same period, the Grand Duchy of Finland, the Kingdom of Poland, Ternopil, Bessarabia and Bialystok provinces were formed.
- In 1822, the lands of Siberia were divided into 2 general governments - Western with the center in Omsk and Eastern, which had Irkutsk as its capital.
- Toward the middle of the 19th century, Tiflis, Shemakha (later Baku), Dagestan, Erivan, Terek, Batumi and Kutaisi provinces were created on the annexed lands of the Caucasus. A special region of the Kuban Cossack army arose in the neighborhood of the lands of modern Dagestan.
- Primorskaya Oblast was formed in 1856 from the territories of the East Siberian Governor General with access to the sea. Soon, the Amur Region was separated from it, which received the left bank of the river of the same name, and in 1884 Sakhalin Island received the status of a special department of Primorye.
- The lands of Central Asia and Kazakhstan were annexed in the 1860-1870s. The resulting territories were organized in the region - Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Ural, Turkestan, Trans-Caspian, etc.
In the regions of the European part of the country there were also many changes - the borders often changed, the lands were redistributed, there were renaming. Duringpeasant reforms, the counties of the province of the Russian Empire in the 19th century were divided into rural volosts for the convenience of distributing and accounting for land.
The division of the country in the 20th century
In the last 17 years of the existence of the Russian Empire, only 2 significant changes occurred in the sphere of administrative-territorial division:
- The Sakhalin Region was formed, including the island of the same name and adjacent small islands and archipelagos.
- In the annexed lands of southern Siberia (the modern Republic of Tuva), the Uryankhai Territory was created.
The provinces of the Russian Empire retained their borders and names for 6 years after the collapse of this country, that is, until 1923, when the first reforms in the zoning of territories began in the USSR.
