Perhaps, it is not worth talking about how difficult the Russian language is. This is well known to both its speakers and foreigners. Plus, it's pretty pointless. People who need or want to learn Russian themselves, by and large, have no choice. Either learn the language as it is, or switch your attention to another, simpler one.
But if you can still remember the general rules of the great and mighty, then with exceptions, of which there are many in the Russian language, questions constantly arise. And in this case, again, the law applies: teach or do not teach. Therefore, there is no way to alleviate the situation, there can only be one way out.
But you can still help in mastering complex grammar rules. And we would like to do it. By offering the reader an article in which they collected all the exception words.
Spelling "tsy" and "qi"
There are many words in Russian that include one of these letter combinations. And in almost all cases, the correct letter is quite easy to check. After all, knowing that the letter “and” should be written at the root of the word, and “s” outside it, it will not be possible to get confused. For example, the words:
- circus,compasses - the word itself is the root, so we write the letter "and";
- police, acacia - only the last letter, which is the ending, is not considered the root of the word, so we also write the letter "and".
- cucumbers, well done, brave men, fathers, tits, martens - the dubious letter is in another morpheme - at the end of the word, so we write the letter "s".
Having understood the essence of the rule about the spelling of the letters "i", "s" after "c", we should talk about its exceptions. Which are actually quite simple, so most children and adults memorize them quickly and for a lifetime. Especially thanks to a funny rhyme, which contains all the words that fall out of the general rule. It can be read in the following picture.
Many people find it incomprehensible why exactly these words, and not any others, fell under the exceptions. We will try to answer this question as well:
- Gypsy is a word of Greek origin that you just need to remember.
- Chicken, chick - a word formed through long metamorphosis from the onomatopoeic "chick-chick".
- On tiptoe. In Slovenia, there is a word whose transcription is as follows: [tsypati]. It translates to how to move awkwardly.
- Push, poof. Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Czech and other languages have similar words that mean to shout, hiss, hiss, etc.
Thus, the spelling of the letters "i", "s" after "c" is not difficult to remember. And both native speakers and foreigners.
Spelling the letters "and","a", "y" after hissing
Another very simple and memorable rule concerns the spelling of combinations:
- cha, shcha;
- chu, shu;
- zhi, shi;
- zhu, shu.
To make a mistake in this case is quite simple, because in the words wild rose, thicket, miracle, pike, honeysuckle, ground beetle, rustle and the like, the letter that should be written is not heard at all. However, it has historically developed that in these combinations the letters "u", "I", "s" are never put. The only exceptions are three foreign nouns, which are very easy to remember. In all cases, the letter "u" is written:
- parachute;
- brochure;
- jury.
All these words are exceptions to the rules of spelling came to us from the French language. At that time, when he was considered almost the second native in Russia, and all the nobility conducted conversations on it. It is impossible to check them by selecting a Russian-language word, because they are borrowed. They need to be remembered.
Spelling the letters "e", "e", "o" after hissing
Many people are afraid of this rule, although in fact there are practically no difficulties in it. Determining the correct letter is not difficult at all, you just need to be able to divide the word into morphemes - component parts. The same skill will be required to determine the correct combination of "tsy" and "qi".
So, if the problematic vowel is in the root of the word, you need to match it so that the letter changes to "e". For example:
- whisper - whisper;
- wives - wife;
- bee -bee;
- brush - bristles.
As you can see, in all these words, the letter "e" is heard as "o". But if you manage to find a single-root word where “e” will replace it, then “e” should be written in the original word. Also in Russian there are several other words: glutton, shock, rustle and the like. With any inflection, the letter "o" to "e" will not change.
And everything seems to be quite obvious, if the problematic vowel can be checked with the letter "e", then we write "e", if not - "o". But this rule in Russian also has exception words. These are those nouns that are borrowed and are written in the same way as in a foreign transcription. Therefore, they belong to the category of vocabulary. They must be learned by heart. Let's remember them:
- conductor;
- chauffeur;
- jockey;
- shorts;
- hood;
- highway;
- ratchet;
- chauvinism;
- study;
- shock;
- seam;
- gooseberry;
- ramrod.
In addition to the above nouns, there are two more exception words. Which also raise doubts when writing. These are the words slum and thicket. In them, the combination "scho" was obtained by merging the root and the suffix. Therefore, in these words it is necessary to write the letter "o", due to the fact that the suffix morpheme in them is "about".
Spelling "n" and "nn" in different parts of speech
If earlier we considered rather simple rules of the Russian language, then at this point we will finally move on to more complex ones. Although to understand it alsonot difficult. You just need to be able to correctly identify parts of speech, and then things will go smoothly in an instant. Recall that in order to find out what part of speech a particular word belongs to, you should choose a question for it. In this case, we are interested in such parts of speech and questions to them:
- Noun - who/what, as well as case questions: whom/what, who/what, whom/what, whom/what, about whom/what.
- Adjective - what/whose.
- Adverb - where/where/why/where/why/when/how.
- Communion - what does / what did / what.
There are few exceptions to this rule. Because basically determining the correct letter is quite simple. If in front of us:
- A noun or an adjective, then the combination "nn" can occur only at the junction of the root and the suffix. For example: desert - hermit, sleep - sleepy.
- Communion - the double letter "n" should be written in almost all cases. We will talk about exception words with “nn” a little later. For example: a decorated window, a knitted shawl, etc. However, in the short form, one letter “n” is abbreviated, so the correct one would be: decorated, tied.
- Adverb - you need to navigate by the name of the adjective from which it was formed. For example: foggy - foggy, spontaneous - spontaneously, dark - dark, etc.
And everything would be fine, but this rule also has its own characteristics. They refer to the adjective, in which one letter "n" can be written. So, if the word of this part of speech has one of the following suffixes: -in-, -an-, -yan-, then without hesitation we putone problem letter. But in three adjectives - exception words - you should write a double "n", despite the generally accepted rules. These are words such as: tin / th (soldier, wedding), glass (jug, floor), wooden (house, table). But in the word "windy", on the contrary, it is correct to write only one dubious consonant.
Also, participles have a certain spelling feature. In some cases, they should also write one letter "n". Even despite the fact that the sacrament is in full form. So, in Russian, the following participles belong to the exception words:
- chewed leaf;
- forged ax;
- wounded animal.
Spelling adverbs with 'o' and 'e' after sibilants
Perhaps the reader has heard that the Great Empress Catherine II made three mistakes in a single Russian word at once, and became famous for this throughout Russia?
If not, then we will tell you that this word is an adverb that was once considered an unstressed particle. Now every student knows that it is correct to write it like this: yet. But the Russian empress once wrote a little differently: ischo.
Spellings of adverbs with a soft sign after sibilants
Another rule of the Russian language says: in the endings of all words that answer the questions where? where? why? where? why? when? how?, after hissing it is necessary to write a soft sign. However, there are also exceptions to the rule here. It's very easy to remember them.especially if you turn it into a funny phrase: I can’t bear to get married.
Spellings of first conjugation verbs
The most difficult rule, according to most schoolchildren, concerns the part of speech that answers the questions: what to do / what to do. And this is despite the fact that in Russian there are only two conjugations and the difficulty lies only in determining which of them the word of interest belongs to. For example, for verbs of the first conjugation, any ending is characteristic, except for the morpheme "it".
And everything would be fine, but this rule has its own exception. It consists in the following words, which, contrary to the rule, should be attributed specifically to the first conjugation:
- shave - shave your beard in the morning;
- make - make your bed before going to bed.
Spelling of second conjugation verbs
As it becomes clear from the above, the verbs of this conjugation can have only one ending - “it”. However, instead of breathing a sigh of relief, we again encounter exception words. Verbs:
- keep - keeps you in suspense until the last second;
- depend - depend on various circumstances;
- hate - hate rain and slush;
- offend - offended by some little thing;
- breathe - hardly breathes underwater;
- twirl - twirl the globe in your hands;
- endure - endure the hardships of life;
- look - looks around;
- see - does not see the whole situation;
- hear - hears someone singing;
- drive -you drive without looking back.
These eleven words also belong to the second conjugation.
Spelling alternating vowels depending on the subsequent consonant
There is another rule in Russian that also causes confusion. Although it should simply be remembered, and then applied in life if necessary.
So, choose the correct letter according to the consonant following it. So:
- Lag/lie - state the essence, write a summary.
- Grow/grow/grow up - grow up a little more, children grew up, increment of hereditary shares, grew by themselves.
- Skak/skoch - the bunny jumped, skipped his station, jumped on time.
However, do not think that in this case there are no exception words. Spelling of nouns: Rostov-on-Don, boy Rostislav, green sprout, extortionist usurer, branch of law, price jump, I ride a horse, goes against the rules. It is worth remembering this in a letter.
Spelling alternating vowels depending on stress
The next rule is also easy to remember: in the roots of gar/gor, zar/zor, clan/clone, choose the letter "a" if it is stressed. For example: tan - tanned, glow - dawn, bow - bow.
However, in the word "to dawn", meaning to meet the dawn, you should write the letter "o".
Spelling of alternating vowels in the roots creature/tvor and plav/plov
Since school days, many of us remember the roots in which dubiousvowels changed as if at our whim, it was only necessary to slightly change the form of the word. For example: clean up, but get out; rub, but rubbed, etc.
The letters in these words varied depending on whether the suffix "a" was placed after the root. But there were also two cases where a certain letter was almost always written. This is:
- bright float, good swimmer, etc.
- creator of history, greatest creation, etc.
However, even in this case there are exceptions to the rule. The spelling of the nouns swimmer/swimmer, swimmers, creature, and utensils is also special. It must be memorized.
