Parts of speech are given a prominent place in the school curriculum. But why study them in such detail? This is necessary in order to competently build your speech, both written and oral. Therefore, students should know what grammatical categories certain groups of words have.
Part of speech concept
Most of the words have a lexical meaning, that is, they have a specific meaning that distinguishes them from other words in the Russian language. For example:
Spring is the season between winter and summer.
Shop - a building specially equipped for the sale of goods or the provision of services.
If you look solely at the lexical meaning, these words have nothing in common. But from the point of view of grammar, they can be combined into one group. They answer one question - "what?". They are declined, and in a sentence they can play the same syntactic role. Based on these common characteristics, words can be grouped into specific groups.
So, part of speech is a category of words that have common morphological and syntactic features.
Independent and official
Wehave already found out that most of the words that we use have a lexical meaning. When we try to convey a certain idea to the audience, it is they who play the main role. However, in Russian it is impossible to use only such words, otherwise the speech would sound like this: “Forest Masha find a lot of russula mushrooms.” It is obvious that, firstly, the words must be put in the correct grammatical form, and secondly, it is necessary to add a preposition and conjunction.
Some parts of speech in Russian are called objects, actions, processes, signs or quantities, and you can put questions to them. In a sentence, they play a certain syntactic role. These are the basic building blocks of which phrases and sentences are built. There are six such categories in our language.
However, it will not work to build sentences only from independent parts of speech, therefore service ones are also distinguished. They do not have a lexical meaning, but serve to express relationships between full-valued words. They help to combine them into sentences or add shades of meaning. On their own, they do not play a syntactic role. Functional words include prepositions, conjunctions and particles.
A separate group of words are interjections. They do not have a lexical meaning, and also do not express relationships between full-valued words. This part of speech conveys the feelings of the speaker. They can convey joy, fear, delight, pain, etc., for example, “ah”, “cheers”, “oh”, “ah”. They also serve for onomatopoeia: "meow", "moo", "tic-tac", "crow".
Thus, in Russian there are tenparts of speech.
Noun
Nouns denote objects or persons and answer the questions "who?" or "what?". They have grammatical categories of gender, number and case.
In a sentence, nouns can play any syntactic role, but most often they are subject and object.
For example:
The poet composes poetry. - "Poet" plays the role of the subject, and "verses" - additions.
Success is the result of hard work. - "Result" plays the syntactic role of the predicate.
The boy sat down at the table. - "At the table" plays the role of circumstance.
He bought a collared shirt. - "Collared" is the definition.
Adjective
Adjectives denote a sign of a person or object. They answer the questions “what?”, “whose?”. They change in gender, number, and case, just like nouns. Most often they play the role of definitions.
However, one thing needs to be taken into account. What part of speech is the word "sick"? The answer seems obvious: an adjective. But in the sentence: “The patient follows the recommendations of the doctor,” this is already a noun. Adjectives tend to move to other parts of speech. Note, however, that grammatical categories are preserved. That is, such words will be inclined as adjectives, and not as nouns.
Verb
Verbs indicate actionor state. They answer the questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”.
Grammar categories:
- view - perfect, imperfect;
- face - first, second, third;
- gender - male, female, middle;
- number - singular, plural;
- inclination - indicative, subjunctive, imperative;
- time - present, past, future;
- pledge - active, passive.
There are special forms of verbs: infinitive, participle and participle. However, there is no unequivocal opinion about the last two. Some linguists have raised the question of whether such words can be considered parts of speech rather than verbal forms.
Numeral name
Numerals indicate the number or order of items and answer the questions "how much?", "Which?".
The following digits are distinguished:
- quantitative,
- fractional,
- collective,
- ordinal.
Numerals are declined by cases. At the same time, ordinals also have the categories of number and gender. In the nominative and accusative cases, cardinal numbers play the same syntactic role with nouns. This rule does not apply to ordinals.
Pronoun
Pronouns are used to refer to objects, signs or quantities, but they are not specifically named. Accordingly, they play the role of subjects, additions and circumstances.
Adverb
Adverbs denote signs of action. Answer the questions "Where?"“when?”, “where?”, “how?” etc. Examples of adverbs: long, quiet, early, here, all the time, in the morning.
The adverb is an invariable part of speech. In a sentence, it most often plays the role of a circumstance.
Service words and interjections
As we already know, there are three service parts of speech:
- preposition - denotes the relationship between objects ("in", "y", "above", "without", "during", "thanks to");
- union - connects homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence ("and", "a", "or", "also"; "if", " although", "so");
- particle - gives an additional shade to words or sentences (“yes”, “neither”, “-or”, “would”, “yes”, “well”, “whether”).
Interjections express the emotional-volitional reaction of the speaker to the events taking place. The following groups are distinguished:
- non-derivatives - "ah", "oh", "ah";
- derivatives - "horror", "trouble", "quit";
- onomatopoeia - “too-too”, “tic-tac”, “woof-woof”.
Linguists often classify onomatopoeia as a separate category of words.
Difficult cases
It is not always easy to determine which category a certain word belongs to. This is especially true for immutable words. In such situations, you need to look at the offer as a whole.
For example, what part of speech is "how"? Here are the options:
- "How to learn the multiplication table?" - adverb.
- "She laughed like a little child" - union.
- "How long I've been waiting for you!" - amplifying particle.
Bconclusion
Knowing the parts of speech allows a person to formulate sentences correctly. The speaker will know what forms this word is distinguished from, whether it can be declined, etc. Thanks to this, he will not have to blush in front of friends or at business meetings.
