Often, many - both schoolchildren and their parents - have questions about the spelling of suffixes. Today we will talk about the suffix "k". Many people, not knowing its meaning, make many mistakes in the spelling of words containing it. So, let's delve a little into the wilds of the grammar of the Russian language, consider how to write some suffixes correctly.
Interesting story of this suffix
To begin with, we can consider the history of the emergence of this part of the word. The suffix "k" appeared a long time ago. It can be found, for example, in the names of the streets of Moscow (Ilyinka; Sretenka; Solyanka). Usually, any word with the suffix “k” was used by people to reduce and understand some complex concepts. So people began to call the horse-drawn railway "horse". Also, this particle was formed from phrases. For example, consider the formation of the word "postcard". What is it? Regular open letter. This is where the name came from. Or take this example: the word "spoon". It was formed from the root“lie”, which carries the meaning of “impose”. And so on..
The opinion of philologists about the suffix in question
However, some philologists believe that any word with the suffix “k” spoils our speech, clogs it with vulgarisms. So, starting around the eighteenth century, such words as “canteen”, “smoking room”, “tobacco” and so on appeared in the language. The guardians of the classical Russian language did not like such abbreviations and simplifications. Indeed, words cannot be classified as “vulgarisms” simply because they are not to their liking. Note that the examples above are used or have been used to simplify hard-to-pronounce words, or words with this suffix are formed from phrases.
Meaning of this suffix
Now let's analyze the meaning of the suffix “to”. What words can he form? Firstly, this particle acts as an indicator of a diminutive form. For example: “leg”, “pen”, “book”, “mouse”, “baby” and so on. These words are prime examples of how the diminutive suffix “k” can be used. Secondly, with the addition of “k”, feminine nouns are formed, derived from the names of professions or occupations that have a masculine gender. For example: athlete - athlete; student - student; lodger - lodger; pensioner - pensioner. Thirdly, this particle forms words denoting objects with the help of which any actions are performed. A simple word with the suffix “k” is “grater”, as well as “receipt”, “tincture” and so on. Fourthly, with the help of “k” words are formed denoting some action. For example, “breakage”, “deal”, “handicraft”. Fifthly, sometimes “to” acts as a suffix that allows you to express an objective assessment of an object or action. Sixthly, the notorious “k” appears in names according to profession (feminine), nationality, place of residence. For example, “Russian”, “Ukrainian”, “Egyptian” and so on.
Words with “k” suffix – examples and rules for using “k” and “sk”
Also, the suffix forms new words from adjectives. For example, it can be used to get a short form of an adjective (“impudent - impudent”, “sharp - sharp”). It forms adjectives from nouns ending in K, Ch, Ts (“fist - kulak”, “weaver - weaver”). Now let's talk about similar particles, keeping in mind the suffixes "k" and "sk". Their spelling should be given special attention. So, the suffix “sk” should be used in relative adjectives. Relative adjectives cannot form a short form. For example: “French - French”, “Circassian - Circassian”, “Tatar - Tatar”, “Jew - Jewish”. Remember that the last letter of the stem is always preserved (review and re-analyze the examples).
Short and relative adjectives - their formation with the suffix “k”
The particle under consideration is written in adjectives forming a short form, as well as after the letter “c” (“weaving”, “Turkish”). Here are the words with the suffix "k"(examples): “close - close”, “low - low”. There are times when the stem of a word ends in “n” or “p”. In this case, do not write a soft sign before the “ck”. For example: “Siberia - Siberian”, “Tyumen - Tyumen”. There are exceptions to this simple rule: relative adjectives, which are derived from the names of the months of the year. For example: “November”, “December”, but - “January”, as well as “day-to-day”, “Tien Shan”, etc.
Spelling rules for “k” and “sk” with examples
If the stem of the word from which the adjective was formed ends with the letters “d”, “m”, “c”, then these consonants are always stored before “sk” or “k”. For example: “city - city”, “German - German”. In the event that the stem ends with “k”, “h”, then in adjectives, before the letter “k”, “c” is written. A word with the suffix “k”, formed according to this rule: “fisherman - fisherman” or, for example, “weaver - weaver”. Please note that the soft sign in the suffix “sk” is written after “l” (an example is “Ural”), as well as in adjectives formed from the names of the month. Also, the suffix “k” forms words with a comical or derogatory connotation. For example, if you add “k” to the stem of the verb in the past tense, then a feminine noun is formed, the meaning of which is “the one who performs the action indicated in the text.” This noun has a connotation of disdain or playfulness (“sat - nurse”, “cooked - boiled”, “thought - thinker”). We have examined in sufficient detail how the suffix “to” is used, examples clearly illustrategiven rules.
Verb suffixes
Now let's talk about verb suffixes. In Russian, they are divided into derivational and formative. The former form new words, the latter only change their form or tense. Word-building suffixes include “ova”, “eva”, “yva”, “iva”, “va”, “evyva”, “en (et)”, “en (it)”, “and”, and also “e . The suffixes “l”, “sya” (“ss”), “t” (“ti”), as well as the zero suffix, belong to the formative ones. Now let's dwell on each suffix separately and analyze in which case each of them is written.
Word-building suffixes
So, word-forming “ova” and “eva”. These suffixes are written and used when the verb is in the indefinite form, in the past tense. Or it stands in the form of the first person, in the singular, in the present or future tense. The verb must end in “uy” (“yuyu”). For example: “I yearn - yearn”, “I savor - savor”, “preach - preached (I preach)”, “I command - command”. Exceptions: “scout - scouted”, “tasting - tasting”, “checking out - checking out”, “finding out - finding out”. Never confuse the spelling of verbs in which the suffix “wa” is combined with the preceding vowel “e/i”.
Proper use of “yva” and “willow”
Suffixes “yva” or “yva” are written when the verb is in the indefinite form and in the past tense (or in the first person), singular, present or future tense. The verb must endinto “Ivau” or “ivayu”. For example: “I insist - I insist”, “I fake - I fake”. Another suffix - “va” - is always stressed in verbs. Please note that it can be easily confused with the almost similar “eva” or “willow”. Look for an example: “wrap - wrap”, “water - water”, “screw in”, “late”, “examine”. Exceptions are the following words: “get stuck”, but “get stuck”, “defile”, but “defile”. The suffix "yovyva" is considered stressed. A very simple rule - always write the letter “Yo” after the hissing ones! Simple examples: “uproot”, “shade”.
Spelling of verbal suffixes “en”, “l” and some others
Already named “en” (“to eat”) or “en” (“it”) are written in verbs that are formed from nouns. They are also quite common and often occur in intransitive and transitive verbs. It must be remembered that in intransitive it is written “en” (“et”), and in transitional - “en” (“it”). Here are simple and easy-to-remember examples: “freeze”, “green”, “blue”, “stone”. The suffixes “i” and “e” are still quite common, their use depends on the transitivity-intransitivity of verbs. For example: “to dehydrate - to dehydrate”, “to bleed”, “to deforest”. So, if the verb itself is transitive, then “and” is written. If the verb is intransitive, then "e" is written. But there are exceptions to any rule, here they are: “get stuck”, “eclipse”, “prolong”.
A little about formative suffixes
A vivid representative of these suffixes is “l”. It clearly indicates the past tense of the verb. Also notincluded in the root of the word. Remember that it should be preceded by the same vowel as in the indefinite form. Look: “taken away - taken away”, “cover - covered”, “set up - set up”. It is impossible not to mention in our article the suffix “sya” (“sya”). Firstly, it is called recurrent and is always included in the basis of the word. For example: “removed”, “returned”, “became”, “bathed”. And, on the contrary, the suffix “t” (“ti”) is never included in the stem of the word, it occurs only in the infinitive of the verb. Consider examples: “lie down”, “graze”, “serve”, “take out”, “hide”, “look”. It is also worth considering the zero suffix, it is usually found in past tense verbs of the indicative mood of the masculine singular, as well as in verbs in the conditional mood of the masculine singular, in the verbs of the imperative mood. Here are examples of such words: “surrender”, “sun”, “get up”.
Diminutive suffixes of the Russian language
Diminutive suffixes - why are they needed at all? And then the answer is: we use these suffixes to communicate with children, animals, conditionally, of course, when we try to downplay something. As soon as the child begins to talk, he learns best words with diminutive suffixes, those that he so often hears from parents or educators. The most common among them are words with particles: “yshk” (“ishk”), “ushk” (“yushk”). The main thing here is to use suffixes appropriately. And now more about them, let's start with "ek". Examples would be the words: "man -man”, “bag - bag”. Often this suffix is spelled incorrectly. In order to prevent errors, it is enough to know that “ek” is written if the vowel sound drops out when the word is declined in cases. Another similar one is “ik”. You can give examples with him: “belly - tummy”, “hare - bunny”. In general, the number of such particles is huge in the Russian language, and it is impossible to list them in one article. We have only considered some suffixes of verbs and nouns, examples of their use and application. We hope this will help you write correctly and without any mistakes.
