There are several ways of word formation. Thanks to them, the language is constantly in development. One of them is the suffix way. This means that a suffix and (if necessary) an ending is added to the root of an already existing word. People also use prefixes to get new words. Often there is a prefix-suffix method.
Derivation in Russian
The unit of speech is the word. And it can be represented both as an independent part of speech and as a service part. Only the first option can have a structure, because it includes both names and a lot of verbs, all kinds of special forms of the verb such as participles, participles, adverbs, etc. The word has a root - the main part, in which lies the whole meaning of the unit of speech, and auxiliary, which can not only be an addition, but also change the meaning of a word beyond recognition - we are talking about prefixes and suffixes.
Suffixal way of word formation
Consider, for example, a word consisting of one root - "laughter" (the ending in this word is zero). Only auxiliary particles in the form of a prefix orsuffixes will appear, and there will be no more laughter, but many new meanings and parts of speech will appear. But there is one thing: the letters at the root can change, that is, alternate. In this case, there will be a change: laughter - laughter - laughter.
- Using the suffix -ok, you can get a new word - smesôk, which means "quiet laughter", or "secret". An example of the use of the word would be the sentence: "Lev Vasilievich's laugh seemed suspicious to me." There is a suffixal way of word formation here.
- With the help of the suffix -ink- we get the word "chuckle", which means something funny that causes laughter. “Grishka burst into the room: he obviously had a laugh in his mouth, because his mouth was up to his ears.” Here, too, a suffixal method is observed, although an ending has also been added to the stem.
Formation of words using both a suffix and a prefix
Often a unit of speech is obtained with the participation of a prefix. That's what they call an attachment. But much more often people use the prefix-suffix method. Examples of words obtained with the participation of both suffixes and prefixes together can be considered in relation to the same root "laughter".
- By adding the prefix on- and the suffix -k- (we do not take the ending into account), we get a new word - “mockery”, which means an already offensive or ironic statement, joke, mockery or action. Often this is used to denote facial expressions (muzzles) or gaze. Example: "Meanwhile, the cat Vaska looked at the stupid mouse darting from corner to corner with a mockery." A new word appeared thanks to the prefix on- andsuffix -to-. This unit of language has a completely different semantic meaning. From the involuntary physical reaction of a person to humor or tickling through the movement of facial muscles and the reproduction of certain sounds, a deliberate offensive action or phrase has emerged.
- When adding the prefix y- and the suffix -k-, laughter turns into a grin, which means a short, light smile, sometimes with an ironic or even bitter tinge. “I didn’t like my pet’s grin: he thinks too much of himself.”
- Using several suffixes at the same time, but somehow: -well-, -t- and -sya, as well as the prefix y-, you can get another part of speech - the verb "grin", which means "depict on the face grin." “When I found cats in the kitchen brazenly eating my catch, I could only chuckle bitterly.”
Formation of words without transition to another part of speech
A noun formed in a suffixal way can acquire an additional meaning, shade, refinement, for example, in size, or be colored by the speaker's attitude. "Helpers" in this matter are a variety of suffixes. Consider some of them, the formation of which uses the suffix method. The examples clearly show that the lexical meaning remains the same, but the word has other shades and an indication of any distinguishing features.
Diminutive suffixes
They indicate the size, weight or volume of an object, creature or phenomenon that is different from mostaround.
For example, these are diminutive suffixes -ek, -ik. The word lock, that is, a small castle, is formed in a suffixal way. In the same way, the “key” language unit appeared - a device for opening, but smaller in size in relation to others.
Suffixes -ok-/-yok- also play a similar role: light, breeze, sweater.
Sometimes several suffixes are used to give a diminutive shade to a word, for example, -och-/-ech- and -k-: twig, cup. However, these words are, as it were, transitional in vocabulary from indicating only size (volume, weight, strength) to colored by the speaker's attitude, that is, with a touch of diminutive nouns. After all, a “cup” can also be called a dish of ordinary volume, but beloved.
Diminutive suffixes
To give a diminutive effect of affectionate treatment to the shade, use the suffixes -enk-/-onk-, -ushk-/-yushk-, -yshk-: mother, birch, will, mother-in-law, sun.
1. My mother-in-law is a miracle!
2. She is my mother, and girlfriend, and adviser, and wise mentor.
3. With the birth of my daughter, the sun seemed to be constantly shining in the house!
The same role is played by -ets-/-its-/-ts-.
1. The elegant dress changed the look of the girl so much that everyone just opened their mouths in amazement!
2. Although the coat was already not enough, Natasha did not want to put on a new one - this is how she showed her love for her father's gift.
- The suffix -to-, as discussed above -points-/-points-, canact as a diminutive, but more often used to form a word with a diminutive shade: pen, pine, cape.
To designate baby animals use -onok-/-yonok-.
1. The little bear was waddling funny, hurrying to keep up with the mother bear.
2. The little squirrel wanted to jump from branch to branch, as his mother does, but unsuccessfully fell from the tree into the grass.
A suffix that magnifies words
This is the morpheme -seek-. Moreover, it is interesting that it is used in combination with the endings -a in the feminine and -e in the masculine and neuter. A word formed with the ending -e has a neuter form, but always is. For example, the house will remain a masculine noun, when used in a context, it is necessary to correctly combine the adjective or participle related to it, and also use the verb if it is in the past tense.
- We were surprised when we saw a huge house instead of a hut!
- The creature opened its purple eye and stared straight at us.
- I wonder how tall was the man whose remains were discovered by archaeologists?
- This is a log! You can not only build a leg for the table, but also use the remains as a stump for sitting.
- The man's huge hand touched the boy's head so gently that a tear welled up by itself.
Suffixes forming names of persons
The role of this morpheme can hardly be overestimated. Some of the words formed with its help have become so firmly established in speech that often people do not even separate the root and the word-forming part.
- Sometimes the suffix -ik- can act not as a diminutive or diminutive, but to form a completely new word. This is also a suffixal way, examples of words formed in this way demonstrate what was said above: old man, smart guy, modest.
- Interesting suffixes involved in the formation of the names of professions or people of certain occupations -tel/-itel, -chik, -schik-/-shchik, -ary, -l-, -ist-, -ih-. For example:
1. Bazhov, the narrator of folk legends, collected many amazing stories and wrote them down.
2. This welder is a master of his craft!
3. The drummer famously beats out the rhythms of the new hit!
4. The student must surpass his teacher.
5. The plowman wiped the sweat off his face and looked thoughtfully into the distance.
6. The leader in the detachment was a sociable cheerful girl with a huge red mop of hair.
7. Nagaev Alexander Petrovich is one of the most talented composers and bayan players in Russia.
8. The doctor sighed tiredly, sadly stroked the baby on the head: “How much more pain and suffering will you have to endure, baby?” - whispered.
- The suffix -ets- can characterize the place of residence, property of a person, action: Caucasian, stubborn, fool, scar.
Some suffixes notdiscussed above
-from-: "Eternal frost emanates from this icy heart."
-est-/-st-: "Young people have always been ardent, intolerant of lies and hypocrisy."
-is/-ost-: "A person's maturity is determined not so much by age as by wisdom, insight, intelligence."
-ism-/-in-: "Realism and romanticism were inherent in many world writers."
-nickname-: "The Gzhel-style samovar looks extravagant in the overall decoration of the kitchen."
-in-: "Sturgeon, like lamb, is loved by gourmets all over the world."
–lx-, -k-, -l-: "Soap and a comb are the best friends of a clean person."
Formation of adverbs
Answering the question of which words are formed in a suffixal way, it should be noted that not only nouns, but also other parts of speech were “born” this way. If you add -o to the base of an adjective, you can easily get an adverb. For example, the word "brave-th" will turn into "brave-o", "wise" into "wise-o", "long-th" into "duty-o".
There are a great many variants of suffixes, word-forming adverbs, since several adverbs come from the same root, which, as it were, are frozen forms of nouns with case endings: first, first, first, from the beginning).
Common in the formation of adverbs and numerals
Also, adverbs can be formed using the prefix in- and the suffix –om, -him, -th, -them. Similar words appeared from ordinalnumerals. Example:
"The emeralds in the image of Sophia play in a new way, they look harmoniously with her evening dress," James whispered in his wife's ear.
- Not only - answered Kate. “Firstly, they fit her eyes, and secondly, they are ideally combined not only with the dress, but also with other accessories.”
Formation of adjectives
Words denoting the quality of an object have the most common suffixes such as: -chiv-/-liv-, -chat-, -ovat-/-evat, -l-, -ch-, -n-, -nn-.
For example:
- The gentle bluish tint of the sky and cirrus clouds caused inexplicable peace and joy in my heart. (Bluish: -ovate-; feathery -ist-).
- The bakery across the street has always lured me in with its vanilla, warm and so delicious flavors. (Bakery: -n-; "vanilla" -n-; "delicious" -n-).
- The turbulent river is seething with life: its inhabitants will not see peace until they are wrapped in a quiet channel. (Furious: -liv-; "to the inhabitants" -tel-).
- A light pink bud bloomed in almost a month in her garden. (Light: -o; pink: -ov).
As you can see, many words are formed with a large number of suffixes. This process continues today. People, poets and writers, comedians and businessmen, form their own, author's words, letting them into the people, where they take root. Thus, the Russian language is constantly developing, replenishing its lexical composition.
