This article will discuss in detail the anatomy of the oral cavity.
The bottom (diaphragm) of the oral cavity is formed by many muscles located between the tongue and the hyoid bone. The structure of its mucous membrane is characterized by a high development of the submucosa, which includes adipose and loose connective tissues. Folds are easily formed here, since there is a connection with the underlying tissues. Under the muscles that form the mucous membrane of the bottom of the cavity, there are cellular spaces. Human anatomy is very interesting.
What is the oral cavity?
The oral cavity is the initial (expanded) section of the digestive canal, which includes the oral cavity itself and the vestibule.
The vestibule is a special slit-like space, which is limited by the lips and cheeks from the outside, and from the inside by the alveolar processes and teeth. In the thickness of the cheeks and lips there are facial muscles covered with skin on top, and on the eve of the oral cavity - mucous, which then passes to the jaw alveolar processes (here the mucous is firmly fused with the periosteum and has the name gums), forming onthe median line of the fold is the frenulum of the lower and upper lips. From above, the cavity itself is limited by the soft and hard palate, from below - by the diaphragm, in front and on both sides - by the alveolar processes and teeth, and from behind, through the pharynx, it corresponds to the pharynx.
The oral cavity is separated from the nasal cavity by a hard palate formed by the palatine processes on the maxillary bones, as well as horizontal plates on the palatine bones. It is covered with mucous.
Sky
The soft palate is located behind the hard palate and is a muscular plate that is covered by the mucosa. Located in the middle of the soft palate, the narrowed back is the uvula. In the soft palate there are muscles that strain and lift it, as well as the uvula muscle. They are all composed of striated muscle tissue.
The diaphragm of the mouth is formed with the help of the jaw-hyoid muscles. Under the tongue, at the bottom of the oral cavity, the mucous membrane forms a special fold - the frenulum of the tongue with two elevations on the sides - salivary papillae.
Zev is a hole through which the oral cavity and pharynx communicate with each other. From above it is limited by the soft palate, on the sides - by the palatine arches, from below - by the root of the tongue. On each side there are two arches: palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal, which are folds of the mucous membrane, in their thickness there are muscles of the same name that lower the soft palate.
In addition, there is a sinus between the arches - a depression in which there is a palatine tonsil (there are six of them: lingual, pharyngeal, two tubal and two palatine). The tonsils play the role of a barrier - they protect the body fromexposure to harmful microbes in the oral cavity. Anatomy interests many.
Language
The tongue is a muscular organ covered with a mucous membrane, which consists of a root (attached to the hyoid bone), a body and a tip (free). Its upper surface has the name of the back.
The muscles of the tongue are divided into:
- own muscles: contain muscle fibers of three directions - transverse, longitudinal and vertical, change the shape of the tongue during contraction;
- muscles originating from the bones: stylolingual, hyoidoglossus and geniolingual, shifting the tongue forward, backward, down and up.
A lot of outgrowths - papillae - are formed on the back of the tongue. Filamentous perceive touch; there are leaf-shaped, surrounded by a roller, and mushroom-shaped - taste. Thanks to the papillae, the tongue has a velvety appearance, and it is the appearance of the mucosa that changes in many diseases.
The tongue is an organ of taste that has pain, tactile, temperature susceptibility. Through the tongue, food is mixed during chewing and pushing food when swallowing. In addition, language is a participant in the act of human speech. The anatomy of the oral cavity is unique.
Teeth
The teeth are located in the oral cavity and are fixed in the sockets of the alveolar jaw processes. Each of them has three parts: the root (in the hole), the neck and the crown (protrudes into the cavity). The neck is the narrowed part of the tooth, located between the root and the crown and covered by the gum. Inside the tooth there is a cavity filled with pulp that passes into the root(pulp) produced by loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves.
Canines, incisors, large and small molars differ in shape. In humans, they erupt twice, so they are called dairy (20) and permanent (32). The timely appearance of the first is a sign of the normal development of the baby. What else is the anatomy of the floor of the mouth?
Salivary glands
In the mouth, in its mucous membrane, there are many small glands (buccal, labial, lingual, palatine), which secrete a secret containing mucus onto its surface. There are also large salivary glands - submandibular, parotid and sublingual, whose ducts open into the oral cavity.
The parotid gland is located in front and below the external auditory canal. Its duct runs along the outer side of the masticatory muscle, after which it penetrates the buccal muscle and opens on the buccal mucosa in the vestibule of the mouth.
The submandibular gland is located under the diaphragm in the submandibular fossa. Its duct goes to the upper surface of the bottom of the oral cavity and opens directly into the oral cavity, on the salivary papilla located under the tongue. The anatomy and physiology of the oral cavity has been studied for a long time.
The sublingual gland is located on the diaphragm under the tongue, covered with mucous, forming a fold of the same name above it. It includes one large duct and a number of small ones.
The secret secreted by the salivary glands is calledsaliva. In just a day, the human body forms it in a volume of about two liters. Here is the anatomy of the oral cavity. But that's not all.
Anatomy of the palate
The structure of the palate consists in dividing it into soft and hard. The latter, together with the mucous membranes, is a common part that passes into the alveolar processes and creates gums. Also, the hard palate acts as a special barrier that protects against the nose, which is obtained by means of a soft tongue that blocks the passage from the mouth to the nose while eating. The anterior part of the palate contains formations called alveoli, which are of no importance to humans, but are indispensable to animals. What else is included in the topographic anatomy of the oral cavity?
Submucosal part
This part of the oral cavity is a slightly loose connective tissue in the form of a clear line. It has a developed network of salivary glands and blood vessels. The mobility of the mucous membranes depends on how pronounced the submucosal part is.
This physiology makes it possible to successfully interact with external manifestations of the environment: too cold or hot food, improper treatment by an incompetent specialist, smoking, biting the inside of the cheek. But you should not use this, because the resources of each system are limited. The anatomy of the mouth and teeth has been studied for a long time.
Function of the mucosa
Most of the entire oral cavity is covered with a mucous membrane, which is the key to successful protection of a person from all sorts of annoyingsymptoms. In addition, it has high regenerative properties, is very resistant to mechanical and chemical factors. In the area of the cheeks and lips, the mucosa can gather into folds, and above it is presented in the form of a motionless tissue on the bone.
The main functions of the mucosa are as follows:
- protection - stop and prevent the development of reproduction of microorganisms in the oral cavity, constantly attacking it;
- absorption by the body of protein and mineral parts, medicines;
- sensuality - giving a signal to the body about any pathological processes, threats using a large number of receptors in the oral cavity.
We examined the anatomy of the human oral cavity.
