The Russian language is a set of rules that you need not just to know, but to understand in order to write correctly and speak beautifully. "Communion" is one of the important topics, having learned which, you can learn a laconic, but expressive speech. Of particular difficulty is the past participle. Although, if you approach the study thoughtfully, then you can figure it out.
The difference between sentences with and without participles
Compare the sentences: one with a participial turnover, and the second one with a compound clause. The first option is more concise, beautiful and poetic than the second.
| With Communion | No Communion |
| A look that penetrated the soul. | A look that penetrates the soul. |
It is especially important to be able to replace subordinate clauses for copywriters when fulfilling orders, which indicate the accuracy of the "water content" of texts, because introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions andallied words are just included in the list of "water" expressions.
The participle as a part of speech
Many people find it difficult to understand the features of this part of speech. Children even compose funny rhymes about this:
Infinite misfortune -
Study, decline the sacrament!
I will suffer thoroughly, While I begin the passive
Distinguish from the real. What is there more painful?
It is known from the school course that the participle is not at all a simple form of the verb, because it has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. From the verb, this part of speech has form and tense, and from the adjective - gender, number, case, full or short form. There is also a real past participle and a passive participle. This function - pledge - it also received from the verb.
Communion Time
Usually, past and present participles are distinguished. It is clear that in order to define this category, one should understand the semantic feature of the word, think about whether the action is taking place at the moment or has already happened. There is an unequivocal answer to the question of what the past participle is: the meaning of the word indicates that the result is shown here, and not the process. You can compare two options: “running boy” and “running boy”. In the first case, the present tense is used, because the child is performing an action at the moment. In the second case, the child has already finished running and is standing in front of us. Hence,Communion tense is past.
Actual Participles
How to distinguish the real past participle from the passive participle? Yes, simple! First, you need to think about the meaning of the statement. Consider this with examples.
- "The boy who played in the sand on the seashore was extremely happy." "Played" is the actual past participle, as he did it himself.
- "In the thick grass, we could hardly see the chirping grasshopper." This example also uses the past participle in the active voice. After all, it is clear to everyone that this insect itself performed the described action - it chirped.
- "The bear that got out of the windbreak was wildly frightened when he saw people." And here it is clear that the clubfoot owner of the forest himself performed the action. Therefore, the word "crawled out" is also a past participle of the active voice.
Passive past participle
The verb form we are considering can denote an action that someone else performs with an object. Then the past participle is passive. For a better understanding of this, consider examples.
- "The dress worn by the girl suited her so much that everyone around looked at the baby with a smile of tenderness." From the context it is clear that the outfit itself cannot do anything. So, “put on” is a passive participle, because it producesaction girl, she's the one wearing the dress.
- "The dishes washed by Tanya sparkled with cleanliness." And here it is clear that up to the moment described, someone did a certain job - the plates themselves could not clear themselves of the remnants of food. Therefore, the word "washed" is a passive past participle.
What are the main conditions for spelling suffixes in participles in the present tense, it seems to be easy to understand, you just need to remember which suffix refers to a particular conjugation.
Formation of past participles
They are formed using the stem of a verb of any tense and suffixes that help: loved - loved, wanted - wanted, dreamed - dreamed, feed - fed, carry - carried, climb - crawled out. These are examples of the formation of the past participles of the active voice. The pledge is indicated by the fact that all actions are performed by the objects themselves. Other examples are suitable for passive participles of the past tense: wish - desired, lead - led, ridicule - ridiculed, promise - promised.
Actual Past Participle Suffixes
This form is formed from the stem of the verb with the help of suffixes: -vsh-, -sh-. The form and transition in this case do not matter. The suffix used in the formation of the participle depends only on the end of the stem of the verb.
- If it ends in a vowel, then -vsh- is written. (Examples: draw - draw, build - build, watch - look.)
- If inat the end of the stem there is a consonant sound, then the suffix -w- should be put. (Examples: carry - carrying, carry - carrying.)
- If the participle is formed from a verb ending in -т, then the suffix -вш- will be written after the vowel that was in the original verb form before -т. (For example: wash - washed, laugh - laughed, hang - hung.)
Table of formation of the past participles of the active voice
| Actual participle | Initial form of the verb | Transitivity | View |
| staring | look | + | unsov. |
| typing | + | unsov. | |
| shiny | glitter | - | unsov. |
| washed | wash | + | owls. |
| drunk | drink | + | owls. |
| interrupted | abort | + | owls. |
| truant | truant | - | unsov. |
| runaway | run | - | unsov. |
Transitivity and participle definitions
To easily check the transitivity of the participle, you need to put a question to the dependent noun from the verb that forms it. If the question of the accusative case without a preposition is appropriate in this construction, then this is a transitive verb. For example: watch (what?) a movie, print (what?) an essay. In the construction “to run (where?) along the road”, the question “what?” does not fit, then it is an intransitive verb, and the participle will have the same category, respectively.
There should be no problems with the view: if the action is in progress, it is an imperfect view, if it has already happened, it is perfect.
Formation of passive participles in the past tense
They are formed from the transitive verb of the corresponding tense. There are very few imperfect participle verbs.
| Suffix | How the verb ends | Transitivity | From the verb Sov./non-Sov. kind | Examples |
| -n-/-nn- | -at, -yat, -eat |
+ + + |
unsov. unsov. owls. |
educated, shot |
| -en-/-enn- | -it |
+ + |
owls. unsov. |
littered, gifted |
| -t- | -ot, -nut + monosyllabic verbs |
+ + |
owls. unsov. |
chopped, beaten |
According to the table, only one important question now arises: when are the suffixes of the passive participles of the past tense written with one "n", and when with two? Here it is important to remember a few simple rules. Imperfect participles will have one "n" if they are:
- have no dependent word, prefix, suffix -ova-/ -yova-: fried, boiled, smoked;
- brief participles: fellowship formed, wife made up.
Two "n" have full passive past participles formed by perfective verbs with presence:
- dependent words: sturgeon fried in oil; broth-boiled peas;
- suffixes –ova-/-yova- (the following examples can be given: 1. A child spoiled by his mother screamed in the store. 2. Bewitched by her bewitching gaze, the man immediately fell in love with the beauty).
The participles "spoiled" and "bewitched" have the same syntactic function as adjectives, that is, they are most often definitions in a sentence.
Past participles of the active voice can also have the reflexive suffix -sya. For example: a hidden cockroach, spilled sand, a laughing beauty, a frightened fly.
Exceptions to general rules
But there are always exceptions in Russian. Words such as "seek", "love" and "take" are incapable of forming passive participles. There is also such a feature of verbs ending in -sti: they can be reincarnated as passive participles of the past tense. For example:
- Weave. (It is so convenient to pick mushrooms in the baskets woven by grandfather.)
- Steal. (We could not find the slippers stolen by the cat for a long time.)
- Get it. (Sharik's newly acquired bone made him very happy, which made him wag his tail happily.)
- Find. (When the teacher found the cheat sheets found, Vasya realized that he needed to come up with a better way to cheat, but the more he cheated, the more he had to know.)
Knowing the rules of the Russian language is not a guarantee that a person will be able to write and speak correctly. They need to be understood. And it is extremely important to develop the ability to use your knowledge in practice.
