Spelling a verb is not as easy a topic as it seems at first glance, and many understand this. Vowels and consonants in the root, endings, prefixes - all this requires special attention. Suffixes in the indefinite form of the verb are also far from being so simple. The conjugation, the form of the verb - they are influenced by very, very many things. But even this can be easily de alt with, if there is a desire. Let's try to understand what exactly the spelling of verb suffixes depends on, and what kind of suffixes they are.
Basic of the basics
Any lesson of the Russian language "Indefinite form of the verb" would begin with the definition of the corresponding concept. The infinitive (namely, this is how it is scientifically called) is the initial, zero form given in dictionaries and does not have any morphological features. So, the indefinite form of the verb: tense, person, number and mood are absent, but it has a perfect (answer) or imperfect (answer) aspect; category of voice - real (pronounce) andpassive (must be pronounced); recurrence (to appear) and irrevocabity (to flee). This word form answers the questions what to do? and what to do? And one of its main features are suffixes in the indefinite form of the verb: - t, ti, ch -. Some linguists distinguish such suffixes as - st - and - sti -.
How do you know it's an infinitive?
The definition seems to have been sorted out. And what's next? How to determine the indefinite form of a verb? Is it possible to somehow understand that this is the infinitive, and not something else? Easily! We take the verb we need, for example, read, and look at its morphemic composition (those parts of the word that it consists of). In this case, there is our suffix - t -, in addition, we ask a question to the verb: read - what to do? And the second sign matches. For complete certainty, you can try to determine the person, date and time - and this is impossible. But the form (what to do? - imperfect), reflexivity (there is no postfix -sya- - the verb is irrevocable) and pledge (read - I do it myself - valid) are found without difficulty.
Another example is the verb I blink. There is no suffix we need here, but when he tries to ask a question, he answers what am I doing? Again, not what we need. It is already clear that in this example there is a person (I blink - the first), and a number (singular), and a tense (present), as well as a form (imperfect), and recurrence (irrevocable), and pledge (valid). That is, this wordis not an infinitive.
Before you determine the indefinite form of the verb, you need to check it for the presence of basic morphological features. If they are not there - excellent, we have an infinitive, but if there is a person, number and time, then this is just a declined form of the verb.
Infinitive ending?
Another very difficult issue for many is the spelling of verb endings, depending on the conjugation. Not a very easy question - first determine what conjugation the verb belongs to, and for this you need to put the verb in our indefinite form, see what it ends on, based on this, if possible, decide on the conjugation and only then put the ending in personal form of the verb. With the infinitive, everything is much easier.
Verb endings in the indefinite form is a topic that doesn't exist. Now many will frown in confusion: after all, somehow we define the same conjugation, we are looking at the ending for this, right? No no and one more time no. That same vowel before the infinitive suffixes is another suffix, although some linguists define it as an ending. It is obligatory for memorization: since there are no morphological features, then there can be no endings of verbs in an indefinite form. The infinitive is characterized by the presence of only suffixes.
Suffix, not ending
Let's get back to the final, infinitive-defining suffixes. What determines which one is the right choice for the verb? Of course, for a native Russian speaker, this is not at allthe problem is that we intuitively feel what to use, but for those who study the great and mighty as a foreign language, such a choice can be very difficult.
The suffix - ti - is usually under stress (carry, carry), and it also occurs in words derived from these, when a prefix pulling the stress appears in them (take out, take out) - most often it is a prefix - you -.
- th - in turn, occurs where there is no stress (talk, laugh).
The presence - st - and - sti - is typical for verbs, the stem of which ends with - d, t - (upaDu - fall, weave - weave), the second suffix also exists in verbs, the stem of which in the personal form ends with - b - (rowing - rowing).
Of course, there are a number of cases when suffixes in the indefinite form of the verb do not obey the basic rules, for example, swear - curse, grow - grow, but in this situation, we can say that these verbs are a kind of exception, so they, as sad as it is, it needs to be remembered.
Make it harder
In general, it is not very correct to consider only the standard ones - t, ti, ch, sti, st - as suffixes in the indefinite form of the verb, speaking about the spelling of this part of speech. There are also suffixes - ova, eva - and - willow, yva -, the choice of which is also associated with certain difficulties. They are found in such words as, for example, confess, talk, lay, and so on.
The spelling of verb suffixes in this case requires setting this very verb in the first person singular (this is what corresponds to the pronoun I). If the required form ends in - th, yu -, then you should choose the suffixes - ova / eva - (pursuing-pursuing, fighting-fighting), if I call, ivayu -, then the suffixes - willow, yva - (dig in- bury, insist-insist).
And now we complicate it a little more
To continue the topic of spelling suffixes, you can use another interesting rule. Those verbs that end in stressed -vat - keep the same vowel before the suffix in the infinitive without this ending, which comes before this suffix in the conjugated form of the verb (fill-fill).
In addition, there are interesting, not quite following the general rule of the word. In the indefinite form of the verb, a compound suffix is \u200b\u200bwritten in them - enet -: ossify, stupefy, and so on.
A little nightmare
Another topic "favorite" by almost all schoolchildren is the spelling of the suffix before - t, ti, ch, sti, st -, on which the choice of verb conjugation usually depends. Of course, sometimes it is obvious, but sometimes, in words like glue, everything is not as simple as we would like.
In this case, you have to delve into conjugations. As you know, verbs have a first and a second conjugation. Both of them affect the choice of ending in personal forms of the verb. The problem is that sometimes the ending in the personal form is obvious, but what to write before the infinitive suffix is not always clear. In this case, we take the controversial verband we start to hide it. If the endings in conjugated forms correspond to the endings of the first conjugation (-th, - eat, -et, -em, -et, -yut / -ut), then write those suffixes that determine the first conjugation - - at, yat -, if the second one (-y, -yu, -sh, -it, -im, -ite, -yat / -at), then, respectively, -it. For example, the same glue - glue, glue, glue - thus, since they correspond to the endings of the second conjugation, you need to write the suffix of this very second conjugation - it.
Finish line: soft sign in infinitive
Now let's move on to the last of the particularly important aspects regarding the infinitive. Certain difficulties are caused by a soft sign in an indefinite form of a verb - the hero of a huge number of Internet memes in the style of "the pain of any literate person." In general, it is very difficult to say why such a simple topic seems so difficult, but oh well, let's deal with it.
Whether it is worth writing a soft sign in the infinitive or not, it is very easy to determine. We take a verb, best of all in the third person singular (this is what corresponds to the pronouns he, she, it), and ask him a question. If the question is what does it do?, then there will be no soft sign either in this form or in the infinitive (he studies? Xia - what does he do? - studies), if the question is what to do?, then, accordingly, a soft sign will appear in both forms (he wants to learn? Xia - what to do? - learn). Of course, it all depends on the context. As can be seen from the example, the same verb can be written both with a soft sign and without it. Shall we try again?
I can't sleep?Xia.
Laughing during a serious conversation is stupid.
Why don't we go for a walk?
He's too lazy to go outside again.
He refuses, refusing in this situation is the only way out.
Conclusion
The verb is a multifaceted and difficult part of speech, working with it includes a huge number of nuances, little things that should always be taken into account. Verb suffixes are definitely one of the most difficult topics in spelling, but still, if you remember the basic rules, everything will become much easier.
Let's repeat everything that was said above. Firstly, infinitives do not have any endings, this is a suffix, and nothing more. Its choice depends on the stress (under stress - ti -, without it - t -) and on the consonant on which the stem of the verb ends (if on - d, t, b -, then most likely the infinitive will be endowed with suffixes - sti, st -). Further, about writing suffixes - yva / iva - and - ova / eva -. If the verb in the first person singular ends in - uy / yu -, then we write - ova / eva -, if in this form there is - yva / iva -, then we save the corresponding suffix. The real war unfolded around the definition of the consonant preceding the infinitive suffix. Here we determine the conjugation by conjugating the verb, and already based on it for the first conjugation with endings - eat, et, eat, et, ut / ut - we write - at / yat / et-, if the endings of the personal form of the verb - ish, it, them, ite, at / yat - - choose between - it / yt -. And lastly, whenthe verb answers the question what to do ?, we write a soft sign in the infinitive, when the question is what does it do?, do without it.
