Education and culture in the 17th century progressed rapidly. This was influenced by the growth of cities, the development of trade and crafts. In addition, Russia's cultural and political relations with Belarus and Ukraine have intensified. And also there was an expansion of ties with the countries of Western and Central Europe, culture and scientific knowledge began to penetrate more and more from there.
In cities, two- and three-story buildings began to be built, more often stone houses were built. A characteristic feature of the construction was the rich decorative finish.
Education and enlightenment
Education and culture in the 17th century in Russia, although they developed at an unprecedented speed, but most people remained illiterate, although there were more literate citizens among the townspeople. Primers were printed in Moscow, which were in good demand. Many books have been translated into Russian. Some people began to collect and store books.
It was no longer enough just to learn to read and write, arithmetic andletter. State and economic activity became more complicated, there was a need for educated people who have knowledge in various fields. But education and culture in the 17th century met with stubborn resistance from the boyar nobility and clergy, who were conservative. Meanwhile, more and more private schools were springing up in Moscow. And in 1687, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy became the first institution of higher education in Russia.
Since 1621, a hand-written newspaper called Chimes was published for the tsar and his entourage, which described the latest events that took place in other countries. Books containing secular knowledge were not available to everyone.
Knowledge in medicine was based on the experience of treatment. Although "herbals" (describing the medicinal properties of plants) and translated textbooks were distributed.
The history of the Russian state was published in 1678, the narration in the "Synopsis" begins from ancient times and up to the 70s of the 17th century.
Expansion of geography
Geographical knowledge, as well as education and culture in the 17th century, has steadily developed. Russian explorers, such as Semyon Dezhnev (made an expedition to the strait between North America and Asia in 1648), E. Khabarov (made a map of the lands along the Amur River in 1649, later Russian settlements formed there), V. Atlasov (conducted a survey of the Kuril islands and Kamchatka), made a huge contribution to the expansion of geography. Based on all this knowledge, maps were developedRussian state, Ukraine and Siberia.
Literature
Education and culture in the 17th century in Russia led to the emergence of new genres in literature. They began to write not only about the rich, but also about ordinary people. Satire appeared, the objects of which were the church and the gentlemen. In this century, versification and dramaturgy arose. Simeon Polotsky was their founder, as he was the author of plays at the court of Alexei Mikhailovich.
At this time, proverbs, folk songs, sayings were first recorded. Folklore has firmly penetrated into all areas of culture. Western literature translated into our language has become ubiquitous.
Architecture
Monumental temples began to replace small township churches, which amazed with the play of volumes and colors, elegant, lively, covered with many patterns. Under the influence of Belarus and Ukraine in the last decades of the 17th century, the Moscow baroque style spread in architecture. His main idea was the proportionality of the entire composition and lush decorative trim. Much attention was paid to the creation of bell towers and tiers. In conclusion, we can say that the education and culture of the 17th century also affected the appearance of cities, making them even more beautiful.
Painting
Education and culture in the 17th century contributed to the development of painting. Artists began to show their attention to the human person. Although icon painting has reached hitherto unprecedented skill, portrait painting arose. Its founder is Simon Ushakov.
The Armory became the center of fine art, it was located in the Moscow Kremlin. Both Russian and foreign artists worked in it. In their work, they tried to achieve a great resemblance to nature. In the 70s, the "Titular" was created - this is a collection of portraits of rulers, starting from Rurik and ending with Peter Alekseevich, there were also portraits of foreign patriarchs, kings, they also depicted coats of arms of different countries.
Conclusion
Changes began in Russia, education and culture changed in the 17th century. Grade 7 of the school is the time when this layer of our history is studied, which has become a turning point for Russian culture. Frequent popular movements, wars, the events of the Time of Troubles made it clear to the people that they are able to participate in their own destiny. The outlook has changed, the outlook has expanded. There was a movement forward in all areas, the need for education and training of qualified personnel was revealed.
