Preposition, union, particle do not belong to independent, but to service parts of speech. This means that they are not able to name objects, properties, states, or actions themselves. Sentences can do without them, while they themselves, without the participation of independent parts of speech, cannot form a sentence. However, the role of auxiliary words in speech should not be underestimated: prepositions, conjunctions and particles are needed in order to express semantic and formal relations between independent words within sentences. Service parts of speech by themselves never act as members of a sentence.
Morphological feature
All conjunctions, particles, prepositions have their own morphological features. Their only common morphological characteristic can be called immutability. Now let's look at each of these service parts of speech in detail.
Preposition
Union, a particle connects (first) and adds shades of meaning to words (second). And the task of a preposition in a sentence or phrase islink words into correct grammatical structures. For example: going to school, playing the piano, jumping over the fence, studying for a year, etc.
There are three types of prepositions.
- Simple: in, on, to, under, over, behind, before, at, before, through, etc.
- Complex: from under, from behind, etc.
- Compound: due to, during, despite, in relation to, etc.
By their origin and method of formation, prepositions are derivative, that is, appearing from other parts of speech, and non-derivative.
- Derivative prepositions can be formed from adverbs: around, along, near, etc.
- They can appear from nominal parts of speech: during, in relation to, about, due to, in view of, etc.
- They can also come from verbs: thanks, later, including, etc.
Together or separate?
Spelling of prepositions, conjunctions and particles is usually reduced to continuous, separate or hyphenated writing.
We write the following prepositions together:
along, contrary to, in view of, like, instead of, due to, about, through.
We write prepositions separately:
during, in conclusion, in continuation, in order, in effect, in measure, for a reason.
With a hyphen we write prepositions:
because of, from under, above.
Semantic connections
What relationship between significant words can prepositions express? Unions and particles, we note, also have their servicevalues, which will be discussed below.
Prepositions express the following meanings:
- objective: miss you, think of us, stood up for him at the meeting;
- spatial: I left the country, I pass near the theater, I will live in Alaska;
- temporary: I'll come back in a week, I'll find it during the day; it rained heavily throughout the week;
- target: fight for an idea, live for the truth, give as a keepsake;
- causal: did not fly away due to bad weather, found thanks to friends, lagged behind due to illness;
- definitive: striped trousers, timer trainer, fur with undercoat;
- comparative: the size of a fingernail, the face came out in the mother, and in character - in the father;
- mode of action: laugh hard, think hard, watch without much interest.
How to distinguish prepositions from other parts of speech?
Sometimes the official part of speech - preposition, conjunction, particle - can be incorrectly recognized as independent. However, there are tricks with which you can clearly differentiate them.
- In order not to confuse a preposition with an adverb, you need to make sure that it is followed by a noun or a pronoun. Compare: A bee flew around a vase of jam / a vase of jam was on the table, a bee flew around.
- The ending will signal the difference between a preposition and a combination of a noun with a preposition. In a preposition it is unchanged, but in a noun it can change when used with different prepositions: during the season / inthe course of rivers, to the course of rivers, from the course of rivers, beyond the course of rivers, etc.
- The preposition is similar to the gerund, but differs from it in meaning. For example: despite the rain, the match took place / despite me, he quickly left the room. The meaning of the first sentence with the pretext: although it was raining, the match was not canceled, it took place. The meaning of the second participle sentence: without looking at me, he left the room.
We figured out the main difficulties that a preposition can cause.
Union
A particle as a service part of speech can, for example, change the morphological characteristics of words (for example, create a conditional or imperative mood for a verb). Such a privilege did not go to the union. The task of this service part of speech is only to connect homogeneous members and simple sentences within a complex one.
Types of unions
In terms of structure, unions are simple and compound, and in meaning - coordinating and subordinating.
Compositions exist to connect homogeneous members and simple simple sentences equal to each other within a complex one. They, in turn, are divided into three types.
- Connecting: Brother and sister looked alike. We installed the antenna, also specified the coordinates. Bread and porridge are our food.
- Obnoxious: He went out, but didn't close the door. I read and she listens. And Vaska listens and eats. We didn't see Chaliapin, but we heard his voice.
- Dividing: Not the evening, not the morning in the yard. Get down to business or leave. I wantknow this secret or I won't sleep at night.
The subordinating conjunctions have a more intricate role - they connect simple ones within a complex sentence, one of which is subordinate to the other. Therefore, this category of unions has several meanings.
- Causal: Got an A because I knew the lesson well. Due to the fact that the air temperature exceeds the permissible norm, classes at the school have been canceled.
- Targeted: Arseniy came to see Katya. It takes skill and care to raise chickens.
- Temporary: Until the furnace fire is out, we will not die of hunger and cold. As soon as the fog cleared, Gavrila saw the shore. We haven't looked into this room since you left.
- Conditional: I will if you help me. I'll come by when you're at home.
- Comparative: He saw all the flaws as if through a magnifying glass. It was as if a veil had been lifted from my eyes.
- Explanatory: Our ancestors thought the earth was supported by three pillars.
- Concessions: He was agile, though small.
- Consequences: You made a choice, so don't get angry.
Features of the spelling of unions
The spelling of unions (prepositions, particles) follows the general rule - they should not be confused with constructions that combine nominal parts of speech with prepositions or particles.
- Unions too, also, so that, but we write together: "I was in a hurry to Nina, she was also waiting for a meeting." "He jumped away from the fire so as not to get burned." “It’s more difficult to create one yourself, but it’s more honorable.”
- Pronouns with particles are written separately: "It was the same dress in which she played Chopin." “My dear, what would we do without you!” “Only do what you know how to do.”
Particle
This service part of speech has two tasks. Firstly, it introduces new shades of meaning into the meaning of the word, and secondly, it forms new forms of words. Therefore, the particles are divided into two categories.
Shaping particles enable the verb to be used in the imperative and conditional moods. These are the words come on, let it be, etc. Examples: “Let the music strike!” “I wish I could see this city.”
Semantic particles give different lexical shades to words and sentences. They come in several varieties.
- Negative: He was not the hero of my novel. I didn't mean to offend you at all.
- Interrogative: Did you really know Napoleon? Is there a cliff further on?
- Exclamations: What a voice! How pretty!
- Indicative: This plant has not been watered for a long time. There goes our teacher.
- Clarifying: These are exactly your words. This girl is just like our Arishka.
- Amplifying: Pavel thought about her, he had loved her for a long time. Even in our most desperate days, sparks of hope flickered within us.
- With the meaning of doubt: Maestro is unlikely to play today.
- Restrictive-excretory: And in the estate, then you will have expanse! Everywhere it was quiet, only in the grove the foliage rustled affectionately.
It is important not to confuse the semantic particle -something with the postfix -something, which forms indefinite pronouns. Compare: we are with youwe know who was on the ship (particle). Sometime you have to start (postfix).
Clarify the details
Let's focus on whether and how the particle as, preposition as, conjunction as. There is no preposition as in the Russian language, and the particle and conjunction as have different functions and meanings, since in each case they are different service parts of speech. Examples:
- How beautiful, how fresh the roses were! (a particle with an exclamatory meaning).
- I learned how bitter slave labor is (explanatory conjunction).
- The kitten was black as wax (comparative union).
Let's not confuse them
We found out the role and features of the spelling of function words. What they have in common is that their use is meaningless without the participation of nominal parts of speech, so there is no need to mix conjunctions, pronouns, particles, prepositions, adverbs and other speech components into one pile.
