Reversible and irreversible processes are phenomena, actions occurring in a particular area, which have long been studied by many specialists and scientists, and in some theories are even fundamental.
The term "nature market"
The main component of various independently organized systems is irreversibility, which manifests itself in the independent development of systems and their specific direction. These actions are divided into reversible and irreversible processes. If the process occurs as a result of the progress of the stage from the first to the next, then such an action is called irreversible. An example of such an action is self-organization - the action of the development of the world, based on the principles of the "market of nature".
The participant of this market is the total nature, which invents new ways of action, ways of organizing, befitting the equality of systems. One of the main properties of the market can be considered the ability to form such a feedback circle, which will determine the inclination towards the equality of the market. From an economic point of viewthe concept of the market is a very partial fact of the "market of nature", which is, accordingly, a natural means of comparing different forms of social organization.
The market is characterized by various dynamic actions that occur in independently formed systems. It can be considered an invention of mankind.
Classification of dynamic actions
Dynamic actions are divided into 2 types: evolutionary and undulating. The first includes actions that cannot be repeated, the second, respectively, repetitive actions. Many fundamental sciences, including chemistry and physics, put reversible and irreversible processes at the forefront.
Evolutionary or irreversible actions are those significant changes that, even in the absence of various influences, proceed in a consistent direction. For example, the constant trend of increasing population, increasing total production, etc.
Some dynamic, as well as thermodynamically reversible and irreversible processes, actions are not applied in comparison with the famous ideographic and nomographic points of view, as it might seem.
All their structuring is in the planes of the general theory and has absolutely nothing to do with ideography. In the ideographic point of view, there is no possibility of establishing any regularities. Accordingly, there is such a possibility in the evolutionary action. This action is unique only when it has a certain direction, nothas the ability to own two or more links that are in the same state or are at the same level.
However, this does not mean that it is impossible to find a formula showing the sequence of moves from one part to the next. So, the famous formulation of the developing order 1, 2, 4, 8, …, 2n. But this does not mean that this fact in itself cannot be repeated at the indicated place and time, and it will not be repeated, from a nomographic point of view, at another time and place, when reversible and irreversible processes are observed. Entropy as a physical action in a thermal process is a prime example of this.
Waving processes
Waving (reversible, repeatable) actions are those actions of change that currently have a specific direction and change it moment by moment. With reversibility, the action, being at a given moment in one state and changing it after a while, can eventually return to its original state again. For example, the movements of changes in market prices, the number of unemployed, interest on capital, and others. Of course, these economic elements of life can change in different directions. Considering these changes as continuous, the movement of these oscillations can be represented as a variant of a winding line, the direction of which will be different at different moments. On this curve, one can easily see that, moving away from a point located at the same height, after a certain period of time, one can pass a point located at the same level. However, this will not be the same, but a different point, standing onthe same height as the original. It will undoubtedly correspond to a completely different moment and a different structure of general economic conditions in demand, supply, production, distribution, etc. For the second point to completely coincide with the first, it is necessary that all the effects of fluctuations in economic reality be reversible, so that there is no possibility of moving forward or back, so that the category of time is not applicable to them. Of course, it is indisputable that there is no such perfect reversibility in economic being, there are only single obviously irreversible actions in it.
All actions are interconnected, therefore it is necessary to take each move in connection with others, including irreversible ones, since at every moment there will undoubtedly be a fresh system of conditions in one connection or another. It must be accepted that all movements of economic existence are irreversible. In this case, it would also be necessary to recognize that all the actions of the fluctuations of nature are irreversible. Therefore, the above remarks make it possible to reject the idea of absolute reversibility. Irreversible and reversible chemical processes, as well as actions occurring in physics, are based on the criteria listed above.
It cannot be argued that in reality these and other actions proceed independently and separately. One can only recognize their difference in principles and emphasize the distinction in the construction of academic research. In order to single out this idea, it is expedient to speak not of unconditionally, but of comparatively reversibleactions in economic existence. It can be concluded that in a relative sense one should talk about the reversible effects of changes in the components of economic life.
Thoughts of reversible and irreversible actions, as well as thoughts of dynamics and statics, belong to natural science in the narrow sense of the word. Reversible and irreversible processes in physics, examples of which are quite diverse, are essential in this science. The same goes for chemistry.
Link to economic components
Reversible and irreversible process is connected with the economy. There are opinions about the correctness of transferring these ideas to economic ones. And there are opinions that only terms and concepts are transferred.
The transfer of thoughts from one science to another is legitimate if it is scientifically fruitful, therefore, there is no other way out for solving this problem. There are facts of such a transfer. There are especially many cases of transferring ideas from the sphere of social existence and sociology to the sphere of natural sciences. So, some ideas and terms - force, law, value, the principle of economy - were scientifically fruitful. Therefore, one cannot object to their legitimacy. At the time of Mill, the economy was going to borrow the ideas of dynamics and statics, only the question arises: “Why would it be impossible to increase the circle of use of thoughts of reversible and irreversible actions?”
The acquisition of definitions from other sciences is almost always accompanied by their deepening or clarification, as well as a fundamental change. In this caseMoved definitions and points of view, making them larger without losing the overall meaning.
According to the above, it is impossible to speak of completely reversible actions in nature and in economic existence. Here we are talking only about relatively reversible actions. A reversible move in its pure form, in a conventional sense, is practically given only at a greater or lesser level of approximation. The idea on which reversible and irreversible processes, cycles are based, is connected with the idea of the probability or impossibility of resuming the former state of elements and bodies or their system. The whole difference in both cases boils down to the following. Reversible and irreversible processes in chemistry and physics have an action with the means of the same subject in the objective sense, this is not the case in economics. When they say that the swing of a pendulum is a reversible action, then in this case we are talking about the same pendulum in the objective sense, but this is not entirely correct. There is no such equality in the economy.
The thesis "reversible and irreversible process" in economics should be considered as a single case of a general concept.
Tendencies
When we consider the economic reality of a market capitalist society and its components, we have a natural question: which of the indicated actions of change, which of its components are prone to? Almost all economic elements, taken both individually and as a whole, are subject to quantitative and qualitative changes. But while forFor some elements, for example, for the organization of the economy, production technology, needs, etc., qualitative changes will be as important as quantitative ones; for other elements, such as price, discount rate, rent, etc., the main significance will be have quantitative changes. The significance of qualitative changes here appears mainly only when the very nature of these elements changes, for example, when the price changes from free to fixed or from market to monopoly.
Clarifying subsequently the relationship of economic components, their totality and reversible and irreversible processes, a circular process, a cycle, it is necessary to keep in mind the following. Taken as a whole, economic reality is, as it were, a whole stream of diverse and continuous quantitative and qualitative changes.
Processes in the national economy
In a holistic view, the course of economic development is seen as irreversible based on the fact that it contains any components that describe the curve of the irreversible course of change, for this reason it is allowed to argue that the course of development of the national economy, flowing in time, does not happen much more than once on the same stage.
In general, the action of the national economy seems to be an irreversible action of moving from one stage to another. And therefore the dilemma of changes in the national economy is, first of all, the dilemma of the stages of its development. So, the movement of development of the national economy is considered irreversible, hence it follows that without interruption and without returncommon national economic conditions for the course of change and for any individual component of the national economy. In an absolute sense, not a single national economic element, analyzed in connection with the entire complex of economic criteria, can reveal a reversible course.
It is easy to see and realize that the simple actions of the configurations of the economic sphere are significantly different, and that it is advisable to break the elements into at least several groups. Considered analytically in isolation, the elements cannot be defined as being capable of only irreversible change. A significant set of economic components, primarily value ones, for example, wages, commodity prices, and natural ones, such as the number of bankruptcies, the percentage of unemployed, reveal reversible effects of changes.
Process separation
Reversible and irreversible processes, examples of which are easy to find in economics, are ambiguous. The configurations of such elements as the size of production, the number of people, the level of needs, technology, the size of trade turnover, capital reserves, etc., consist of several components and have a complex structure. One component is their overall growth, the other is their growth rate. Considering the available factual material, in fact, it can be noted that the tendency of their joint increase and formation implies an irreversible movement that can stop only under the influence of force majeure. On the other hand, this growth rate isis a zigzag and is clearly a reversible action.
The difference between natural changes in the independent components of economic life is obvious and indisputable, and at the same time, only when taking into account can one realize the type of dynamics of financial life. The presence of components that are subject to irreversible trends explains the reasons for the uniqueness of the national economic movement and gives a ribbon of continuous development. Also, the identification of elements and their components subject to reversible wave-like changes gives a chance to understand the swings to which the national economy as a whole is subject and the actions of its development. In a concrete form, the national economic action of development is, of course, one. However, the refusal to distinguish between the elementary actions of classification and the change of components in connection with their connection to these actions would mean, accordingly, the refusal of the scientific study of a certain reality. This confirms the thermodynamically reversible and irreversible processes that occur in nature.
Specific systems development
A significant feature of the development of an arbitrary system is irreversibility, which manifests itself in a certain direction of its changes. These changes imply taking into account the circumstance of time in the corresponding theory. Formulas can be used to represent actions that are happening now, in the future, or in the past.
D. S. Mill formulated the idea of the statics and dynamics of actions in an explicit form. It was based and pointed to reversible and irreversible processes, a circular process. Irrepeatability or irreversibilitymeans only the unreality of the configuration of the direction of actions in a specific period of time, which is typical for reversible actions.
The difficulty of a certain economic reality forces us to simplify it, to break away from most of its connections and features. From this point of view, each economic concept provides only a conditionally correct reflection of the corresponding part of economic reality.
It is the whole system of forming the financial activity of the community that must be taken as the basis for analyzing economic development. But an integrative general theory can only be built on the basis of a study of the development of separate specific historical types of organization of economic activity.
Equilibrium of systems
Reversible and irreversible process from an economic point of view considered a lot of scientists. F. Hayek developed the idea that the equilibrium in the market is reduced to the mutual adaptation of personal plans and is executed according to the type, which, after the natural sciences, would be called "negative feedback".
The definition of negative feedback is applicable to complex economic actions, which N. Kondratiev calls reversible. Fluctuations in the economy, including periodic changes, such as costs, interest, wages, have been recurring over the years. Fluctuations are divided into long, medium and short-term.
The principle of negative feedback only shows howan unexpectedly appearing mode in the system is supported, but it does not allow to detect the construction of the origin of the established order, as well as the transition from one stage of development to another. For these purposes, it is necessary to strive for the principle of positive feedback. In it, advanced changes that are formed in the system are intensified and accumulated. No matter what theory is subject to unexpected deviations from the balance, but if it is in a volatile state, due to interaction with the environment, these wiggles are exacerbated and eventually lead to a dispersal of the past routine and arrangement. On the other hand, as a result of interaction, the components of the old system come to a coordinated behavior, due to which joint actions appear in the system and a new order and a fresh ratio are formed.
The emergence of cumulative actions, as well as the formation and progress of new structures, is associated with the facts of chance, which consistently lead to the fragility of the system.
The market is an open system in which there is continuous interaction between buyers and consumers, sellers and producers. The market is dominated by both random and spontaneous order. So, in the purchase and sale of products, every individual is naturally guided first by utility and necessity, and not by their cost. In the action of market relations, the two parties come to a common exit, and this subsequently leads to the appearance of an unexpected order, manifested in the balance between supply and demand.
Finalchord
So, all movements of independent organization have a certain direction, which is actually their important feature, including the market in the economic sense. The first to study these issues was N. D. Kondratiev, who gave a definition of reversible and irreversible actions in the economy. It is advisable to continue to study these actions, including reversible and irreversible processes in nature. In chemistry and physics, this direction, as already mentioned, is considered fundamental, defining, for example, such actions as thermal processes. Reversible, whether the actions and processes taking place in a particular area of life are irreversible, is considered an important factor that you need to know.
