In the conditions of market competition, it is of particular importance for each company to reduce costs and extract more income due to this. The key direction in this activity is the correct organization of labor processes.
Relevance of the issue
When creating products, materials, semi-finished products and raw materials are transformed into finished products. Three components are used in this case: the instruments of production, the object and the labor force. With the help of the former, a person changes the shape of an object, its physical and chemical characteristics, appearance, location. The tools of production are used in the control of the manufacturing process of the product, in the implementation of other activities. Collectively, all operations form the activity of the enterprise. Thus, the content of the labor process includes the operations of personnel necessary for the expedient change of the subject. The effectiveness of operations depends on various factors. Among them are the nature of the production process, the specifics of the task, and the degree of human participation.in his performance.
Features of manufacturing products
In the course of working activities, materials, raw materials and semi-finished products are transformed into products ready for use / use. This is carried out with the participation or under the control of a person. In practice, the following classification of production processes has been adopted:
- Basic. Their purpose is to manufacture goods for the market.
- Auxiliary. These include, for example, transport, repair operations. They ensure the normal operation of the enterprise.
Classification of production processes is of significant practical importance. Any of them can be viewed from two sides. First of all, production processes are complexes of changes that occur with objects. At the same time, they are a set of actions of employees aimed at obtaining a finished product. In the first case, we are talking about technological, and in the second, about the labor process.
Categories of Operations
Technological processes are classified by:
- degrees of continuity;
- energy source;
- method of influencing an object.
Depending on the energy source, active and passive operations are distinguished. The latter are considered natural and do not require additional energy transformed by a person to act on an object. An example of a passive operation is the cooling of a metal under normal conditions. Active processes are under direct influence or a personon the subject, or means of labor, set in motion by the energy transformed by the worker. Technological operations can be continuous or discrete. In the first case, the technological process does not stop during the loading of materials, the issuance of products, during control measures. Accordingly, the second category is distinguished by the presence of breaks. Depending on the method of impact on the object and the type of equipment used, the technological process can be hardware or mechanical. The latter is carried out by the employee manually or with the help of machines, machine tools, etc. In this process, the object is subjected to mechanical stress. As a result of it, there is a change in the shape, position, size of the object. Hardware processes involve exposure to thermal energy, chemical reactions, biological elements or radiation. Such operations take place in chambers, ovens, vessels, baths, etc. As a result, a product is obtained that may differ from the original material in its chemical properties, state of aggregation, and structure. Hardware operations are most often used in the food, metallurgical, microbiological, chemical industries.
Work Process Research
All technological operations at enterprises are carried out with the participation of a person. In industrial conditions, the labor process is the activity of personnel aimed at converting certain resources into specific products. Its key features are:
- energy and time costs;
- utility of results;
- income;
- degree of satisfaction with the performance of functions.
The essence of the activity is determined by the totality of operations and personnel movements that are required to complete all stages. Organization of labor processes should provide:
- receiving assignments;
- informational and material preparation;
- direct participation in the transformation of raw materials into a finished product, according to technology;
- delivery of the result.
Specifics
The labor process and its rationalization are provided by the methods used to perform individual operations, which help reduce physical activity, create convenience in the implementation of activities, eliminate unnecessary and repeated actions. The methods used also facilitate control and accounting activities. The classification, content and composition of labor processes are closely related to the technology used in the enterprise. In this regard, the effectiveness of the activity will depend not only on its direct executor. Equally important is the design of the equipment used, technological equipment, organization of labor processes and workplaces. These elements play an increasingly important role in modern conditions.
Features of work activity
The labor process, the principles of its organization are considered one of the fundamental elements of any enterprise. In terms of automation and mechanization, quality requirements are significantly increasedactivities of the personnel carrying out maintenance of the equipment. This is due to the fact that the efficiency of the enterprise will depend on this.
Classification of labor processes: scheme, table
The structure of activities depends on the task, the technology used and the logistics. To study its diversity, a classification of labor processes is carried out. Various types of activities are combined into groups according to specific characteristics. Depending on the objectives of the study, certain criteria are chosen that characterize the labor process and its organization. The classification of personnel activities can be carried out according to:
- features of the raw materials used in chemical, metal and woodworking operations, and others;
- executable functions (the classification of labor processes in this case provides for the division into basic, servicing, management operations);
- type of production: it can be mass, serial, individual (single);
- the nature and content of operations: they can be processing, thermal, mining, physical and chemical, and so on;
- the form of organization of labor activity: it can be individual, subject-closed, collective;
- frequency and duration.
Basic information is presented in the table below.
Signs |
Categories |
| The nature of the product anditem |
|
| Performed functions |
|
| Participation of personnel in the impact on the object |
|
Features
Depending on the purpose of the products, the activities of the personnel are divided into auxiliary and main. Such a classification of labor processes influences the choice of norms for employees, the methods of their establishment. It also affects the choice of methods for creating the necessary conditions for people to carry out their professional activities. The classification of labor processes is also carried out depending on the degree of participation of personnel in them. Manual operations are performed manually or using non-mechanized tools. For example, it can be painting the workpiece with a brush. Manual mechanized operations are performed using more complex tools. For example, it can be drilling holes with an electric drill. Machine-manual operations are performed by mechanisms with the participation of an employee. In this case, the specialist makes certain efforts to control the elements of the equipment. Machine operations include processes that are performed on machine tools and other units. ATIn these cases, the participation of the employee is reduced solely to the management of the equipment. Automated processes are called processes that are performed by machines, the movement of the working bodies of which, as well as control, is carried out according to a given program using computers. The tasks of the employee are reduced to monitoring the progress of operations.
Nature of product and item
There is a classification of labor processes, within which operations are divided into information and material-energy. In the latter case, the product and subject of professional activity is a substance (parts, materials, raw materials) or energy (hydraulic, thermal, electrical). Accordingly, such labor processes are typical for workers. The product and the subject in the first case are information. It can be design, technological, economic. Information operations are carried out by employees (specialists).
The specifics of creating conditions for activities
One of the key components of the organization of labor in the company is the improvement of planning and improvement of the maintenance of existing jobs. This is necessary to create conditions for performing high-quality and high-performance operations at the lowest possible physical costs. Jobs are the primary link in the structure of an enterprise. Each of them is a zone of application of the physical and mental efforts of a person. The workplace must be equipped with the necessary tools used to perform the assigned tasks.tasks by one or more subjects. It predetermines the conditions for the implementation of activities (heavy, normal, harmful), modes of rest and employment, the nature of operations (monotonous, varied, and so on).
Key areas of administration
The workplace is one of the most important categories studied in the framework of management theory. This is due to the fact that the zone in which a person performs his professional tasks has a direct impact on the effectiveness of the activity. From it, in turn, depends on the effectiveness of personnel management and the enterprise as a whole. In the process of organizing work places, tasks are solved for:
- optimal use of enterprise space;
- rational location within a limited area of all elements of the workplace;
- creating convenient and comfortable conditions for employees;
- preventing the negative impact on people of internal and external factors;
- uninterrupted quality maintenance of each workplace, ensuring the rhythmic, continuous and synchronous functioning of the sites.
Purpose of administration
At the workplace, the components of the labor process are connected: means, subject and direct efforts of employees. The main task within the framework of administration is the functional placement of elements to reduce time and physical losses. Particular attention is paid to ensuring safety inequipping jobs. Competent management is characterized by an adequate justification for the regulation of professional activity. This is achieved if standards are developed:
- experienced professionals;
- according to the recommended method;
- using the labor standard.
Time Analysis
It is necessary to establish adequate standards. The analysis is carried out in accordance with the classification of the time spent by employees. The criteria can be:
- direct physical efforts of staff;
- subject of activity;
- equipment.
Working time is a measure of labor costs.
The importance of site maintenance and provision
Timely delivery of raw materials, tools and materials, repair and adjustment of equipment should be arranged at the workplace. The enterprises create and implement a system of integrated provision of sites. It provides:
- preparation and communication of plan targets to staff and distribution of operations;
- tooling;
- equipment setup;
- energy supply, overhaul maintenance of devices and installations;
- maintenance and preventive maintenance of equipment;
- quality control of tools and objects of labor;
- reception of finished products to warehouses.
Attestation
It allows you to discover jobs that are not up to daterequirements on which unskilled heavy, manual labor is used or tasks are performed in dangerous conditions for the employee. All deficiencies identified during the certification must be eliminated as soon as possible. Bringing workplaces up to date is the responsibility of managers. Execution allows you to improve and optimize the activities of enterprises.
Conclusion
Labor processes and their classification are the basis of any enterprise. In modern conditions, with the ever-growing role of automation, the requirements for the quality and speed of operations are growing. As part of management activities, models for optimizing the workspace are developed and implemented, obsolete and worn-out equipment is eliminated.
