Parsing a word by composition (or morphemic - from the term "morpheme", which means the minimum significant component of a word) is a kind of linguistic analysis. Its purpose is to determine the structural composition of the lexeme. That is, in order to make a correct analysis of the word by composition, you need to find and highlight all the components from which a certain word form is built. Such an analysis (not to be confused with morphological, where the word is considered from the point of view of belonging to a certain part of speech) is called morphemic.
The analysis of the word by composition should begin with the establishment of the boundaries of each morpheme, that is, you need to correctly determine the prefix, root, suffix, ending, stem. But it is worth remembering that not every word form necessarily contains all existing morphemes: for example, “school” consists of a root (-school-), a suffix (-n-) and an ending (-y). But, in turn (and this is not uncommon for the modern Russian language), there are words that include several roots, prefixes or suffixes. So, “steamboat” has two roots (-par- and -hod-), one suffix (-n-) and an ending (-th). And the "listener" consists of the root(-listen-) and two suffixes (-a- and -tel-), but it does not have a prefix, and the ending in this word will be zero (not formally expressed in letters in letters).
So, in order to make a correct analysis of a word by composition, it is necessary to remember the definition of all the basic minimally significant units of the language. The main morpheme that carries a lexical meaning (that is, expresses meaning) and is a common part of all cognate words is the root.
For example, as such, the following related series: "water", "watery", "submariner", "vodichka" - will act as -water. There are no words without roots in Russian. But there are many consisting only of him: “running”, “movie”, “very”, “horse”, “house”.
A morpheme that takes its place in a word before the root is called a prefix, and the one after it is called a suffix. It is quite clear that it is impossible to come up with a lexeme that will contain only a prefix or only a suffix.
It is necessary to take into account the order of the definition of morphemes, making a morphemic analysis of the word by composition. The root, prefix and suffix are classified by linguists as derivational morphemes. That is, to those with the help of which new words are formed in the language. In addition to word-forming, formative ones are distinguished. They exist in order to form a number of forms within a single lexeme, as well as to express grammatical meaning. These morphemes include endings and some suffixes.
The ending is a kind of morpheme that forms different forms of the same word, and is alsoa grammatical indicator of gender, number, case, tense, etc. It can only be distinguished from inflected parts of speech.
However, it is necessary to distinguish between words with no endings and those with zero endings. As already mentioned, those word forms that do not change do not have it - gerunds, adverbs, indeclinable nouns, adjectives standing in a comparative degree. And the zero ending is a formally unselected indicator of the grammatical meaning of the word being changed. Examples of formative suffixes can be -l-, which is used to form the past tense of verbs (walk + suffix -l), -e-, with the help of which degrees of comparison are formed for adverbs and adjectives (loud - louder).
And finally, the word has a base - all its components without ending. Going beyond the scope of the school curriculum, it is possible to define the stem as part of a lexeme not only without an ending, but also without formative suffixes.
It is necessary to take into account the order in which morphemes are defined when parsing a word by composition. Examples of morpheme analysis:
"forest"
- Ending - "oh"
- Basis - "lesn"
- Root - "forest"
- Suffix - "n"
"employees"
- Ending - "and"
- Basic - "employee"
- Root - "labor"
- Prefix - "so"
- Suffix - "nickname"
Thus, summing up the topic “Word parsing by composition”, it should be noted that, only following a certain order: find the ending (if itavailable), designate the basis, establish where the root is (by selecting words with the same root), highlight the suffix, prefix (if any), you can avoid mistakes.
