Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov is a unique figure in the history of our country. He did a lot for Russia, showing himself in various fields. The merits of Lomonosov in many sciences are great. Undoubtedly, Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (years of life - 1711-1765) is a man of versatile interests and encyclopedic knowledge. This is the first natural scientist in our country, whose achievements are of world significance. Mikhail Vasilyevich is a historian, poet, artist, one of the founders of such a field of knowledge as physical chemistry. We present to your attention the main merits of Lomonosov in various fields of knowledge.
Chemistry and Physics
Mikhail Vasilievich considered chemistry to be his main profession. The main merit of Lomonosov is that he developed the fundamental provisions of the modern atomic and molecular theory. In 1748, the scientist for the first time formulated the law of conservation of mass of substances, observed in chemicalreactions.
Lomonosov's merits in chemistry are connected not only with the discovery of laws. He spoke about the need to combine the efforts of various scientists to jointly solve problems. In 1751, Mikhail Vasilyevich created the "Word on the Benefits of Chemistry". In it, he demanded the application of the achievements of such sciences as physics and mathematics to the study of various chemical phenomena.
The merits of Lomonosov in physics are also great, but his main achievement in this area is the atomic-particle theory, which describes the structure of matter and matter. The scientist explained why substances take on aggregate states, and also created the theory of heat.
Geography
Under the leadership of Mikhail Vasilyevich, the "Atlas of Russia" was prepared for publication, which surpassed similar European atlases. It clarified geographical information, and also presented a description of the empire from an economic and political perspective.
Lomonosov, in fact, carried out a complete inventory of the state. Mikhail Vasilyevich developed a plan for the economic and statistical study of Russia. Expeditions throughout the country were equipped thanks to him. In addition, questionnaires were sent to each province. The most extensive information was collected for the atlas. It presented the physical and geographical characteristics of various areas of the country (information about the structure of river banks, large hills), as well as economic indicators correlated with natural conditions (where the city is located, whether it is located on the bank ofrivers, what plants and factories are in it, crafts and crafts, animal and fishing, fairs, squares).
But that's not all Lomonosov's merits in this science. Mikhail Vasilyevich is considered the founder of such a field of knowledge as economic geography. Lomonosov in 1758 became the head of the Geographic Department belonging to the Academy of Sciences. Mikhail Lomonosov was a teacher for many Russian cartographers, geographers, oceanographers and surveyors.
Since childhood, Mikhail Vasilievich loved the sea. He cared about the development of navigation in the country, was interested in studying the polar countries. Lomonosov wrote about unexplored lands in the Arctic Ocean. The first domestic scientific expedition led by Chichagov and Chelyuskin was realized thanks to the efforts of Mikhail Vasilyevich. It was he who organized it, and also created detailed instructions for the members of this expedition.
Geology
Lomonosov in 1763 created a work called "On the Layers of the Earth". It gave a presentation of modern geology, which is considered the first in history. Science itself did not yet exist. Lomonosov noted that mineral veins differ in age, explained the origin of fossils, metal-bearing placers, chernozem, earthquakes.
Philology
Lomonosov's range of interests and merits in the field of linguistics is also very extensive. Even the list of works of this great scientist is striking in its diversity. We list the main merits of Lomonosov in the Russian language. It was he who created the first in our countrygreat grammar. It outlined the norms and rules of the new literary language, presented systematically. Lomonosov is the author of works on Russian dialectology, on the comparative historical study of languages, on the poetics of fiction and the stylistics of language, on oratory, and also on the theory of versification and prose. In addition, his legacy includes works related to general issues of language development.
Literature
Lomonosov is the father of Russian poetry. He approved in Russian poetry the modern system of versification - syllabic-tonic. In 1739 Lomonosov wrote "Ode on the Capture of Khotyn". It was created using iambic tetrameter, which was first introduced in Russian verse. This ode marked the beginning of a new era of Russian poetry.
Note that Lomonosov was especially fond of this genre. The solemn language of the ode, filled with oratorical appeals and exclamations, civil pathos, detailed comparisons and metaphors, biblical images and Slavicisms - all this attracted him. Lomonosov believed that this contained "highness and magnificence." The odes he created were taken as a model by almost all Russian poets who created their works in the 18th century. Lomonosov promoted education and science in his works. He sang of peaceful labor, glorified the Russian people. In addition, Lomonosov taught the kings, creating the ideal of the empress in his works.
History
Many merits of Lomonosov in the sciences, in particular in the field of history, are notso easy to evaluate based on the original texts. Most often, the difficulty of reading and understanding the works he created is explained by the fact that Lomonosov's language is archaic. However, in terms of moral and artistic characteristics, it is very high, and in style, structure and form it is harmonious and refined. It was Mikhail Vasilievich who presented the history of Russia in exceptional purity and holistic realism. He avoided expressing a personal opinion, and created his "History of Russia" on the basis of carefully researched and diverse sources that he had read over the years.
Lomonosov tried to "cleanse the historical roots" of our country. He proved that the Slavs are not Swedes, so the "Norman" version should be considered erroneous. Mikhail Vasilyevich openly spoke out, albeit with great caution and sensitivity, against church dogma. According to this dogma, it was believed that the Slavs are descended from the grandson of the biblical Noah, Mosokh.
Porcelain samples
Mikhail Vasilyevich made a great contribution to the development of porcelain production. Unfortunately, rather scarce materials have been preserved to judge the discoveries made by him in this area. In the "Laboratory records" created by him (section "Porcelain samples"), some recipes for porcelain masses are presented. Another part of them is in the "Laboratory Journal".
Lomonosov began work on porcelain, most likely in 1750. The recipes described by him refer either to 1751 or to the beginning of 1752.to say for sure whether he later carried out porcelain samples. However, it is clear that Lomonosov conducted research independently. He took a different path than Vinogradov, his friend. Such a conclusion can be drawn by comparing the porcelain masses created by these two researchers. At Lomonosov, they were two-component, consisting of a quartz-containing component and clay. The masses differed only in quartz materials, clay grades, preliminary preparation - the degree of grinding, calcination, washing. In addition, the quantitative ratio of the components included in their composition was different. Vinogradov also used the third component as a flux - alabaster (gypsum).
Working with mosaics
Mikhail Vasilyevich worked with mosaics - a type of monumental painting. Why was she interested in her? The scientist wrote that painters use primary colors, and all the rest are made up by mixing. He also wanted to find short and simple ways to transfer the image.
Mikhail Vasilyevich was cramped and stuffy within the walls of the Academy of Sciences. He strove to get away from the tutelage of the office, to find an activity where his ebullient nature could realize itself.
Lomonosov became interested in mosaics long before he got his own chemical laboratory. He was very attracted by the ancient art of creating unfading portraits and paintings from sm alt (glass alloys of different colors). In 1746, Count M. I. Vorontsov brought several mosaics from Rome. Mikhail Lomonosov often visited the house of this count.
Three Color Theory
Mikhail Vasilyevich began to develop the theory of "three colors". Undoubtedly, it was of great importance for the further development of color science. The scientist found that the whole variety of colors has three-dimensionality. Mikhail Vasilievich found ways to solve various practical problems that are used today in cinema, printing, and color photography. Lomonosov tried to create devices with which one could get any color by subtracting or adding three basic ones.
Poltava battle
The most famous mosaic work by Mikhail Vasilyevich is "The Battle of Poltava". This picture is made up of pieces of sm alt. The length of the columns is 5 cm, and the thickness is only 1-6 mm. This wall painting was conceived by Lomonosov for the Peter and Paul Cathedral as part of a series of mosaics placed inside the building. The size of this work is huge - more than 300 square meters. m. On the left side of it is depicted Peter I on horseback. He is represented by a brave commander who leads Russian troops into battle. Peter's gaze is resolute and bold, his posture is majestic. He is followed by his associates, among whom A. D. Menshikov and B. P. Sheremetev are recognizable. In the center of the composition is a simple soldier who blocks the path of the king. This soldier with a musket seems to be holding back Peter I from the impulse to break into the depths of the battle and the danger of dying. This figure represents the common people. According to the author, his role is no less significant than the role of Peter I.
So, we have outlinedthe main merits of Lomonosov briefly. Of course, we have not told about all the achievements of this scientist. It is simply impossible to cover all his extensive activities in one article. Lomonosov's outstanding achievements in literature and the Russian language, chemistry, geography, physics and other fields of knowledge make him one of the most significant figures in Russian history.
