Among scientists there is no single definition of the participle within the framework of lexical and grammatical classes. Some linguists consider it a special form of the verb. Others, agreeing with Academician L. V. Shcherba, call the sacrament an independent part of speech. There are some experts who define participle as a verbal adjective. V. I. Dal spoke of him as a part of speech, “participated in the verb in the form of an adjective.”
Yet, verb form
School textbooks reflect different points of view. However, if we consider the participle as a special form of the verb, then it is easier to immediately distinguish it from other parts of speech and write without errors. The very name "communion" characterizes it as something attached to something, and not independent.
Meaning
So, the participle is a special form of the verb. It denotes, like an adjective, a sign of an object, but only according to its action. Communion Questions:"which?" (as an adjective), as well as "what does?", "what did you do?", "what did you do?".
Some linguists define the participle as a "hybrid" intraverbal form denoting an action expressed as a sign of an object.
Morphological characteristics
Participles have the characteristics of two independent parts of speech at once - a verb and an adjective. The participle received all the constant signs "inherited" from the verb, and the changeable ones - from the adjective.
Invariable or permanent features
· There are perfect and imperfect forms of Communion.
· It can be transitive or intransitive.
· Communion can be returnable and irrevocable.
The word can be in tenses: present, past, future.
· Has a passive or active voice.
Changeable or non-permanent attributes
The participle changes form according to:
· neuter, masculine and feminine;
· with plural and singular;
· with six cases;
· passive participles can be in both full and short forms.
In offer
The syntactic function of participles is determined by the completeness and brevity of the form: full participles are a definition or part of a compound predicate, short participles can only be a predicate.
How to distinguish between passive and active participles
We know that the participle expresses onlythe sign that is associated with the action. A knowledgeable specialist is one who knows. Checked notebooks are those notebooks that have been checked. As we see from the example, 2 states are possible: the object performs the action itself, or another object performs the action on the object. Therefore, all participles are divided into two groups:
1. Valid, naming the sign of the object that performs the action: a yellowing (which turns yellow) leaf.
2. Passive, denoting such a sign that undergoes the action of another object: a task solved (by whom? - by me).
What is the difference between full and short participles
Let's compare two constructions: "An artificial mind created by the efforts of cybernetics" and "An artificial mind created by the efforts of cyberneticians". In the first case, the participle “created” is full, in the second (“created”) it is short. They play different roles in sentences. The full participle is a definition, and the short participle is a predicate. If we want to decline both participles in cases, we will see that this can only be done with the full form. One letter "n" is written in short participle suffixes, and two "n" - in full forms. What they have in common is that both forms are able to change, firstly, by gender, and secondly, by numbers. Distinguish short participles from similar adjectives because they are spelled differently.
How the sacraments are made
All participles arise from verbs, but their different forms depend on aspect and transitivity.
All 4 forms of participles (active and passive in the present and past) can only be produced from transitive and imperfective verbs. For example: meet - meeting (d. p., present time), meeting (d. p., past time) met (s. p., present time), met (s. p., past. temp.).
How to tell a participle from a verbal adjective
There is a group of adjectives that are formed, like participles, from a verb. What is the difference? If an object participates in an action and time and appearance matter to it, then this is a participle: to captivate - enthusiastic. In this example, you can determine the perfect form and the past tense, therefore, we have a participle. The definition in the phrases “boiled beets”, “frozen fish” indicates a result that has become permanent, the type and time are not relevant for it, which means that we have a verbal adjective.
What is participial turnover
We have defined the sacrament and considered its possible forms. However, this lexico-grammatical unit can participate in a syntactic construction, which is called participial turnover. If the participle has dependent words (tokens to which we ask a question), then we are dealing with a participial turnover. In a sentence, it always plays the role of a definition. Let's compare: "duck swimming" and "duck swimming in the lake". In the first case, there is a definition expressed by the participle "floating". In the second example, the participle has a dependent word: floating (where?) in the lake. The definition is expressed by participle turnover.
How to place commas
The participle definitions, examples of which were given above, differ from the definitions expressed by participial phrases, punctuation. As part of a sentence, the turnover is separated by commas, but only if it follows the word being defined. Let's compare 2 constructions in which the word being defined is “snowflakes”: “snowflakes swirling in the air” and “snowflakes swirling in the air”. However, this nuance does not apply to morphology, it is the subject of a separate discussion.
