Schoolchildren begin a detailed study of the sacraments in the seventh grade. Working with this part of speech causes a lot of difficulties, as children confuse it with an adjective. This is due to the fact that outwardly they are very similar.
To learn how to accurately distinguish a participle from an adjective, you need to pay attention to the morphological features of the word, its role in the sentence, lexical and syntactic compatibility. But you should start by studying the theoretical foundations.
What is the sacrament?
Modern linguistics does not give an exact answer to this question. Two versions are widely used:
- The participle is an independent part of speech. It has the grammatical meaning of an attribute of an object by action.
- The participle is a special verb form. The grammatical meaning is the same as in the first case.
Both options are popular in school practice, for example, in the textbook for the seventh grade edited by N. M. Shansky, you can find the following definition: participle is an independent part of speech,denoting a sign of an object by action and combining the signs of a verb and an adjective. In the edition of the authorship of Razumovskaya M. M., you can see another option. Here this part of speech is presented as a form of the verb. In both cases, the same morphological features of the sacrament are distinguished.
What is the difficulty?
The ability to distinguish a participle from an adjective is of great importance for the correct use of this part of speech in writing. It is easy to cope with such a task if you remember the characteristic features of these words.
Morphological signs of the participle combine the individual features of the adjective and the verb. For this reason, disputes arise about the place of this part of speech in the native language system.
Morphological features of the verb in the participle
The participle is formed from the verbal stem, therefore it adopts some of its features. It has such morphological categories as species, time, transitivity and recurrence. But at the same time, the sacrament does not change in faces and does not express the meaning of inclinations.
This part of speech can be perfect (travelled, drunk, found) or imperfective (driving, buying, being checked). What type the participle belongs to is determined by analogy with the verb. If it answers the question "What did you do?" - an imperfect form, "what did you do?" - perfect.
Participles can be present (obtained, thinking) or past tense (buying, appointed). The future is not formed.
Returnability is determined by the presence of the postfix "sya". If it is present in the structure of the word, the participle is reflexive (laughing, undressing).
Transitivity and intransitivity of this part of speech is revealed by its ability to be combined with a direct object (a girl buying a doll). It must be remembered that reflexive participles cannot be transitive.
Morphological features of the adjective in the participle
Difficulties in identifying participles in the text, as mentioned above, arise in schoolchildren due to the fact that this part of speech is similar to an adjective in its sound design. At the lessons of the Russian language, children are purposefully given tasks to distinguish between such words.
The ability to decline is a morphological feature of the participle, which was borrowed from the adjective. This part of speech can vary in numbers and cases.
Another morphological feature of the participle, which is also characteristic of the adjective, is a change in gender. The same word can be masculine, neuter or feminine depending on the context.
The last thing these two parts of speech have in common is the ability to form short forms.
Permanent and non-permanent signs
The constant morphological features of participles include pledge, type and time. Inconstant - gender, number, case, full or short form.
A pledge can be active or passive. You can understand what type of participle is by its lexical meaning or formative suffix. In the words of the active voice, there are such morphemes as -ashch (-yashch), -ushch (-yushch), -vsh, -sh. Passive participles appear with the help of affixes -om (-em), -im, -nn, -enn, -t. Only the second group is able to build short forms.
Knowledge about what a participle is and what features of an adjective and a verb it combines will be needed for the competent construction of sentences in writing. In addition, after reading this article, any task where you need to correctly determine the part of speech will be up to you.
