The declension of participles is their grammatical change by gender, number and case. Some forms of this part of speech can be declined according to the same pattern as adjectives. To understand this, let's take a quick look at what a sacrament is.
Morphological centaur
The participle as a morphological unit in linguistics has not yet found a final definition. Some linguists call it an independent part of speech, others call it a special form of the verb. This situation is explained by the fact that the participle has both the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. From the latter, it inherited the ability to decline. Participles, like adjectives, denote a sign of an object, but only by its action. Two questions can be asked to him: “what?” and “doing what?/done?”.
This part of speech can be compared with the legendary centaur: its “head” (root) is from the verb that determines the lexical meaning of the word, and “legs” (endings) are from the adjective. That is why the declension of adjectives and participles obeys the same laws.
Grammar possibilities
Signs of the verb (kind, tense, reflexivity, pledge) in the participledo not affect his ability to lean. But the features of the adjective (number, gender, case in full and brevity in passive participles) allow this part of speech to change, like an adjective, and agree with nouns.
In the present and past participles are formed in two voices:
1. Valid - they call the sign of an object that acts on its own: "a vending machine that sells/sold Pepsi-Cola".
2. Passive - they call the sign of the object to which the action is directed: "Pepsi-Cola", sold / sold by the machine.
Real participles always have declension, since they are full, but the words of the passive voice can also have a short form, in which they do not change (like short adjectives).
From transitive imperfective verbs, 4 participle forms are formed. Let's take the word "draw" as an example. Communion will be obtained from him:
1. Real present tense: drawing (child).
2. Real past tense: drawing (child).
3. Passive present tense: drawing (portrait).
4. Passive past tense: drawn, drawn (portrait).
Journey through cases
All forms can be inflected except for the short past tense of the passive participle.
- Nominative case: (child) drawing, drawing, (portrait) drawing, drawing.
- Genitive case: (child) drawing,drawing, (portrait) drawing, drawing.
- Dative case: (child) drawing, drawing, (portrait) drawing, drawing.
- Accusative case: (child) drawing, drawing, (portrait) drawing, drawing.
- Instrumental: (child) drawing, drawing, (portrait) drawing, drawing.
- Prepositional case: (about a child) drawing, drawing, (about a portrait) drawing, drawing.
Three genders, two numbers
Also, according to the rule, participle declension can be done by gender, this applies to all its forms:
- writer (person), typewriter (typewriter), writer (device);
- missing (document), missing (bookmark), missing (statement);
- readable (novel), readable (story), readable (message);
- stitched (suit), stitched (shirt), stitched (dress);
- (house) built, (stage) built, (offer) built.
Declination of participles by numbers is also possible in all its forms:
- laughing person (singular), laughing people (pl);
- playing musician (singular), playing athletes (pl);
- hosted party (sing.), hosted competitions (pl.).
- Fulfilled debt (singular), fulfilled obligations (plural).
Siblings
In Grade 7, the declension of participles is studied in conjunction with the available information about the adjective. Let's try to decline the participle in cases in the same construction with this part of speech.
For example, let's take the active form of the present tense: "a knowledgeable, experienced scientist." The word "experienced" is formed from a noun and is an adjective. The lexeme "knowing" is formed from the verb, this is a participle. The masculine and singular are already given by the noun "scientist", with which the adjective and participle agree.
I. P. – knowledgeable, experienced scientist;
R. P. – a knowledgeable, experienced scientist;
D. P. – a knowledgeable, experienced scientist;
V. P. – a knowledgeable, experienced scientist;
T. P. – knowledgeable, experienced scientists;
P. P. – about a knowledgeable, experienced scientist.
As you can see, the endings of participles and adjectives in cases coincide, which once again proves the morphological similarity of these parts of speech. In declension, they are like "siblings".
Refunds change in the same way
Real participles can, like verbs, be reflexive. This does not affect their declension, since they change in the same way as it can be without the return postfix "-sya". Example:
I. P. – frightening, frightening, frightening, frightening;
R. P - frightening, frightening, frightening frightened;
D. P. – frightening, frightening, frightening, frightening;
V. P. – frightening, frightening, frightening, frightening;
T. P. – frightening, frightening, frightening, frightening;
P. P. – about the frightening, about the frightened, about the frightened, about the frightened.
Conclusions
Communion in full form,like an adjective, it can be declined in cases. It also varies by gender and number. The case endings of participles coincide with the endings of adjectives.
