When addressing someone, we name our addressee. This word, as we call it, is called in Russian an appeal. Sometimes it is expressed in several words, between which punctuation marks or conjunctions are placed. Also, often in a sentence, the phrase acts as an appeal. Examples: "Mom, I love you. Mom and dad, you are the most dear people to me. Dear mom, I love you."
What words express the appeal
More often these are proper names, nicknames, nicknames, animate common nouns. Less often - inanimate objects act as an appeal. Examples: "Anna, go out onto the balcony. Moscow, I love you like a son! Give me your paw, Jack. Let's sing, friends! Farewell, sea".
What parts of speech is the appeal?
- Nouns in the nominative case: "How long can you wait, Boris ?!"
- Nouns in oblique cases: "Hey, on the ship! Drop the lifeboat!"
- Adjectives used in the meaning of a noun: "Let's not quarrel,darling".
- Numerals: "Reception, reception! Respond, fourth!"
- Participles: "Be happy living!"
Intonation emphasis
You can recognize the appeal by raising or lowering the tone, pauses and a special vocative intonation. Examples for comparison: "The girl opened the window. / Girl, open the window!"
In the Old Russian language, there was even a form of vocative to express appeals. Partially, it was preserved in interjections: "My God, Lord, fathers of light, etc."
Syntactic role
Calls are never part of a sentence. They do not carry a semantic load, and their task is only to draw the attention of the addressee to the words being expressed. They do not have grammatical connections with members of sentences. Here are examples with and without conversion for comparison: "Father spoke to me quite sternly. / Father, talk to me." In the first case, the noun "father" is the subject of the sentence and is associated with the predicate "spoke". In the second case, this word is an address, and it does not play any syntactic role.
Expression of emotions
Feelings of joy and sadness, rage and admiration, caress and anger can express appeal. Examples show how an emotion can be conveyed not only by intonation, but also with the help of suffixes, definitions, applications: " Nadya, don't leave us!eat!"
Vocative sentences. Common Calls
Invocations can be very similar to so-called vocative sentences. These sentences contain a semantic connotation. But it does not have an appeal. Examples of a vocative sentence and a sentence with an appeal: "Ivan!" she said with desperation. / We need to talk, Ivan".
In the first case, we are dealing with a vocative sentence that contains the semantic coloring of prayer, despair, hope. In the second case, it's just a call.
Examples of sentences in which this speech component is common demonstrate how wordy and detailed the appeals are: and freedom, forgetting all your promises, do not wait for mercy.
In colloquial speech, common references are dissected in the sentence: "Where, honey, are you going, man?"
Appeal and styles of speech
In literary and colloquial speech, stable expressions can be used as appeals: "Do not torment me, sadness-longing! Where are you leading me, stitches-tracks?"
For references, the use of constructions with the particle o is quite common. If this particle is used with a pronoun, it is usually accompanied by a definitive subordinate clause: "Oh, you who recently answered me with a grin, youreyes?"
Handling with particle a is more common in colloquial speech: "Masha, and Masha, where is our porridge?"
Place of reference in a sentence
The address can be at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the sentence: "Andrey, what happened to you yesterday? / What happened to you, Andrey, yesterday? / What happened to you yesterday, Andrey?"
Appeals may not be part of sentences, but used independently: "Nikita Andreevich! Well, why aren't you going?"
Punctuation marks when addressing
Appeal, in whatever part of the sentence it may be, is always separated by commas. If it is taken out of the structure and is independent, then most often an exclamation mark is placed after it. Let's give examples of a sentence with an appeal separated by punctuation marks.
- If the appeal is used at the beginning of a sentence, then a comma is placed after it: "Dear Natalia Nikolaevna, sing to us!"
- If the appeal is located inside the sentence, it is isolated on both sides: "I recognize you, dear, by the way you walk".
- If the appeal is placed at the end of the sentence, then put a comma before it, and after it the sign that the intonation requires - a period, an ellipsis, an exclamation mark or a question mark: "What did you eat for dinner, children?"
And here are examples in which the appeal is outside the sentence: "Sergey Vitalievich! Urgently to the operating room! / Dear Motherland!How often I thought of you in a foreign land!"
If the address is used with a particle about, then the punctuation mark between it and the address is not put: "Oh dear garden, I breathe in the scent of your flowers again!"
Rhetorical address
Usually, addresses are used in dialogues. In poetic, oratorical speech, they participate in the stylistic coloring of the message. One of such stylistically significant figures of speech is rhetorical appeal. We see an example in the famous poem by M. Yu. Lermontov "The Death of a Poet": "You, the greedy crowd standing at the throne, are the executioners of Freedom, Genius and Glory!" (This, by the way, is also a sample of a common address.)
The peculiarity of a rhetorical appeal is that, like a rhetorical question, it does not require an answer or response. It simply reinforces the expressive message of speech.
