Earth is the third planet from the Sun. In terms of size, it ranks fifth in the system. The Earth is the only celestial body known to man that is inhabited by living organisms.
Historical information
In the literary sources, such a synonym for the word Earth as "Blue Planet" is used. Studies show that the celestial body under consideration was formed about 4.54 billion years ago from the solar nebula. The only natural satellite is the Moon. Presumably, it arose shortly after the formation of the planet. Life on Earth, according to scientists, appeared about 3.9 billion years ago. Since that time, the planet's biosphere began to influence the atmosphere and other abiotic factors. This led to an increase in the number of aerobic organisms, and activated the formation of the ozone layer. The latter, together with the magnetic field, weakens the impact of life-threatening radiation from the Sun.
Elements of the planet
The Earth's crust is divided into a number of segments - tectonic plates. They are in constant motion. The speed of their movement per year is several centimeters. Compound,the structure and patterns of development of the planet are studied by geology. The photo of the Earth shows that about 71% is occupied by the oceans. The rest of the planet has islands and continents. The mainland includes rivers, lakes, ice, groundwater. Together with the World Ocean, they form the hydrosphere. No other planet known to man has liquid water suitable for life forms. At the Earth's poles, there are maritime Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets.
Internal structure
Underground areas are quite active. They consist of a viscous and thick layer - the mantle. It covers the outer (liquid) core. The latter acts as a source of the planet's magnetic field. There is also a solid core inside the Earth. Presumably, it consists of nickel and iron. In the photo of the Earth presented in the article, you can clearly see the internal structure of the planet.
Space activity
Physical characteristics of the planet and its orbital movements have contributed to the preservation of life over the past 3.5 billion years. The results of various studies show that the conditions for the habitation of organisms will remain on the planet for about 0.5-2.3 billion years. Through gravitational forces, the Earth interacts with other space objects, including the Moon and the Sun. Around the latter, the planet makes a complete revolution in approximately 365.26 solar days. This period is called the sidereal year. The earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23.44 degrees. with respect to the perpendicularorbital plane. This causes seasonal changes with an interval of a tropical year (365.24 days). The Earth's day is approximately 24 hours long.
Moon
The natural satellite began its revolution around the Earth about 4.53 billion years ago. The gravitational influence of the moon causes the occurrence of tides in the ocean. The satellite stabilizes the tilt of the Earth's axis, gradually slowing down its rotation. According to a number of researchers, the fall of asteroids has led to significant changes in the environment and the surface of the planet. In particular, they provoked the mass extinction of various types of organisms.
Geopolitics
Earth is a home for a huge number of living beings, including humans. The territory of the planet is divided between independent states. They establish diplomatic relations, trade, economic and other ties. In human culture, there are many ideas about the structure of the world. Among them, for example, the theory of a flat Earth, a geocentric world system. Gaia's hypothesis was widely developed in its time. According to it, the planet is a single superorganism.
Earth: the meaning of the word
The term is used in various fields. In addition to the space sphere, the concept of "earth" is interpreted as:
- Land. It is opposed to any water surface.
- Soil. Land (plural) is used for agricultural and other productive activities.
- Plot belonging to any subject (citizen,institution, state).
- Loose and clay rocks or an obsolete name for insoluble, refractory oxides.
The term earth is also used in occultism and alchemy. The meaning of the word in these cases is associated with the world element, along with fire, water, etc. In addition, the term is used in the field of administrative division. In the Russian kingdom, land is a territory that was subject to one ruler. In Poland, it is a historical administrative unit. In Austria and Germany, the word land refers to the federal structure of states.
Ground
This term is also used as a synonym for earth. The soil is considered to be the surface lithospheric layer of the planet. The soil is fertile. It is presented as a polyfunctional heterogeneous open four-phase structural system. The soil is the result of the vital activity of organisms and the weathering of rocks. Fertile land is the most favorable substrate or habitat for plants, animals, microorganisms. An interesting fact is that in terms of its biomass, the soil (land of the planet) is almost 700 times larger than the ocean, despite the fact that the former accounts for less than 1/3 of the planet. What is fertile land for the state? It is considered the main we alth of the country, since it is on it that up to 90% of human consumption products are produced. In ancient times, earth was also used as a building material. Degradation of the fertile layer leads to crop failure and famine.
What is the earth inlegal sense?
This term is used in civil law. Unfortunately, there is no clear explanation of the category "land" in the regulations. Determining the subject of legal regulation in this regard is much more difficult. The term itself, as it becomes clear from the above information, is interpreted in different ways. Speaking about what the land is, it is necessary to mention the human relations that develop in the sphere of interaction between the elements of nature and the complex of cultural, everyday and material objects. All these elements form the human environment. Relations within it are regulated by environmental law. The term under consideration is also understood as the surface layer of soil, which is located above the bowels. This territory may be within the boundaries of a particular state. Russia has large areas of land. According to Art. 67 of the Constitution, within the boundaries of the state are the territories of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the territorial sea, internal waters and airspace above them.
Object of legal relations
Land in land law is a specific area with established boundaries and area. It is located in part of the area, has its own legal status. Its characteristics are reflected in the cadastre and state registration documents. Land law is considered an independent legal branch. The allocation of this sphere of relations necessitated the clarification of various terms in order to establish uniformity in the interpretation and application of categories in practice. Let's look at a few ofthem.
Common categories
Land is property that may belong to a citizen, organization, subject of the Russian Federation, municipality or state. On the territory, it is allowed to delimit any site to turn it into an independent object of civil circulation. Within it, shares can be determined - conditional parts of the law. They do not have specific boundaries, but they have a purpose. A land share is a value expression of a share contributed to the authorized capital of an enterprise. In the Russian Federation, there is a certain set of relations that have developed in society on the basis of existing forms of ownership, as well as the corresponding types of use, disposal and ownership.
Problem of interpretation
It should be noted that the sphere of legal regulation of land relations during certain historical periods of the development of the state underwent a number of significant changes. Nevertheless, the reforms carried out and the adoption of various normative acts do not eliminate the need for interpretation of the terms used. Moreover, according to a number of researchers, this need has acquired particular urgency. This is primarily due to the fact that modern legislative acts (federal in particular) include an introductory part as a mandatory element. It provides a system of terms and provides explanations for them. The study and development of a definition will make it possible to designate the place of the concept of "land" in the system of natural resources that have a direct relationship with it.connection. According to experts, the problem of forming legal criteria by which one or another category can be specified has not been fully studied today. This issue continues to be a significant gap that creates great obstacles in the theoretical aspect and law enforcement practice. An assessment of the legislation makes it possible to establish that such characteristics of natural objects are key in such criteria, which necessitate the development and implementation of special measures by the state to ensure the rational use of the resources available in the country.
GOST 26640-85
This state standard has a definition of the term "land". Perhaps this is the only normative document containing the interpretation of the category. The section on terms and definitions indicates that land is an essential part of the natural environment. It is characterized by space, climate, relief, vegetation, fertile layer, waters, subsoil. According to GOST, land is the main means of production in forestry and agriculture. It has a spatial basis for accommodating organizations and enterprises of all branches of economic activity. Such a definition, according to experts, certainly has great practical value. It makes it possible to correctly draw up and maintain cadastral documentation, and resolve disputes that arise. At the same time, experts note that such an interpretation does not reflect all the properties of land as a legal category. The explanation given in GOST undoubtedly contains characteristics that are important for the sphere of legal regulation of relations. However, due to the narrow purpose of this state standard, the disclosure of the key properties of the land is extremely insufficient. In addition, GOST does not have the force of law, as it acts as a regulatory document for standardization. Its provisions are binding only within a limited range of relationships and issues.
