The participles are something that writing rarely does without. Take any classic work, popular fiction, open it on the first page that comes across - and you can find participial turns.
The participles decorate written speech and complicate it somewhat, compared to everyday conversational. Participles can differ in their form, and in order to use them correctly, you need to learn this difference. What are perfect and imperfect participles? How are they different and how to use them?
What is the sacrament?
The first thing to do is figure out what the sacrament is. It is very important to learn to distinguish it from adjectives. What is their main difference? Adjectives are formed from nouns, adverbs, etc. Verbs are the only part of speech from which participles are formed. However, the participle in some ways is similar to an adjective, which brings them very close and sometimesconfuse. And at the same time, the participle has the properties of a verb.
Compare adjective and participle:
- Speed is fast. It is an adjective and is derived from a noun.
- Run - running. This is already a participle, since it is formed from a verb.
Verbs are of two types: perfect and imperfect. Therefore, participles also take on this property and can be perfective or imperfective.
Perfect participles
Based on the name of these participles, we can assume that they are formed from perfective verbs. To determine the type of the verb, you need to ask a clarifying question to it. For the perfect look, this is the question “What to do?”. Verbs that respond to it indicate a completed action.
For example:
Read, write, draw, close - all these verbs correspond to the question "What to do?", Therefore, they refer to the perfect form and mean a completed action. "Draw" - i.e. finish the drawing, complete it
And this is how participles from perfective verbs will look like:
Reading, writing, drawing, closed. The phrase "read the book" will mean that the reading has already been completed, the action is completed
Imperfect participles
Imperfect verbs correspond to the question "What to do?". Such verbs denote an unfinished action.
Examples:
Run, jump, draw, dance, listen
Hence,participles from imperfective verbs will answer the question “What is he doing? What did you do?”.
Examples:
Running, jumping, drawing, dancing, listening. These actions indicate a process, i.e. they are not completed
The phrase "drawing girl" refers to the drawing process itself, i.e. the action is not completed.
The main difference between perfect and imperfect participles is that they originate from different forms of the verb and denote either a completed action or the process of performing it.
Real Participles
Participles are divided into two large groups: active and passive. What is the difference between them?
If the participle refers to an object that performs an action, then it is valid.
Example:
Cat walking in the yard. / The cat walks in the yard by itself, i.e. performs the action on its own
Grandma setting the table. / Grandmother sets the table, i.e. she performs the action herself
Real participles can be used in the present or past tense. When writing, pay special attention to suffixes. Real participles in the present tense originate only from imperfective verbs. If the participle is used in the present tense and is formed from the verb of the first conjugation, then it can have the following suffixes: -yush-, -ush-. If the participle forms a verb of the second conjugation, then the suffixes -ash-, -ash- are used. Validpast participles come from both perfective and imperfective verbs. At this time, they will have suffixes -vsh- or -sh-.
Passion participles
Since real participles refer to an object that itself performs an action, it is easy to assume that passive participles refer to objects on which someone performs an action.
Example:
The collected mushrooms lay on the table. / The mushrooms did not pick themselves, but someone performed this action on them, so the participle "collected" is passive
The disassembled suitcase lay near the closet. / The suitcase did not take itself apart, but someone did it, i.e. "taken apart" is a passive participle
Passive participles, like real participles, can take the form of the present tense and the past. In the present, they are formed only from imperfective verbs. If the verb was of the first conjugation, then the participle will have the suffix -em- or -om-. If the verb was of the second conjugation, then the suffix -im- is used. Passive participles can form the past tense form from verbs of both the perfect and imperfect form. In the past tense, suffixes –n(n)-, -en(n)-, -t- are used. The choice of a specific suffix will depend on the verb from which the participle originates. But it is worth noting that the full passive participles of the perfect form are written with two -н- in the suffix, and one -н- is used only in shortpassive participles.
Punctuation marks
In writing, participles with dependent words are called participial phrases. There are some rules for writing turnover using punctuation marks.
If the word being defined comes first, followed by a participial phrase, the latter will be separated by commas:
The paintings hanging on the opposite wall delighted and inspired. / In this sentence, the word “pictures” is defined, the participial phrase follows it, therefore, there are commas on both sides
But if the turnover is before the word being defined, then it is not separated by commas:
The paintings hanging on the opposite wall delighted and inspired. / "Paintings" also remains a defined word, but now it comes after the participial phrase
As with many rules, there are exceptions. If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the participial phrase will be separated by commas, even if it is before it.
If the participial phrase is located before the word it defines, but there are other members of the sentence between them, then it is also separated by a comma.
So, in order to easily use participles in writing and speaking, although they are much more common in oral speech, you must first learn the difference between a participle and an adjective. The field of this need to figure out which forms are used in different cases. For example, how best to use perfect and imperfect participles.
And, finally, for the competent design of turnovers in a letteryou need to learn how to punctuate. It is very useful to look through fiction, where participial phrases are found quite often. Such works will serve as a clear example. Encountering a participle in the text, you can stop and analyze how it is used and what punctuation marks surround it.
