Many of us remember from the school curriculum what the perfect and imperfect participles are. However, this knowledge is worth repeating. We will consider this issue in this article and give examples of such gerunds. So.
Perfective and imperfective gerunds. Definition of concept
As you know, the gerund participle is a part of speech that is closely related to verb forms. There are also participles from participles. As a matter of fact, linguists believe that gerunds were formed from short participles, which lost such categories as case, number and gender in the process of language development. And turned into immutable forms.
Therefore, we should note that the perfective and imperfective participle is a part of speech derived from verbs and used in a specific form (for example, loving, arriving, later) or ending in "chi" (being, going, sneak). It is believed that the “chi” format supplanted the more ancient “che”, apparently under the influence of the masculine plural ending that dominates the words.numbers.
Let's consider in more detail the perfect and imperfect participles, the table of which is present in the famous textbook of the Russian language, edited by D. E. Rosenthal.
How to identify the species?
In this case, the type of gerund is determined by the question that can be asked to it. "Doing what?" - "Improving in the craft" - an imperfect form. "Having done what?" - "Running to the border" - a perfect view.
Let's look at this as a table:
| Perfect look | doing what? |
| Imperfect Look | doing what? |
We found that perfect and imperfect participles have different meanings. But, in order.
Perfect participles
So. The gerund (kind of imperfect), depending on the situation, expresses different meanings.
Circumstantial meaning: A gerund of this kind can be used in a circumstantial meaning, in which case it answers the question "how?". In such cases, it can be replaced by an adverb: "I wandered under the green trees, rejoicing in something."
Temporal meaning: when the gerund is used in a temporal meaning, it expresses the simultaneity of the actions expressed by the gerund and the verb. At the same time, simultaneity can be complete or partial.
Causal meaning: in this case, the gerund answers the question "why?" or "why?". But the temporal meaning is also present: "Badly knowingthese people, he didn't want to meet them."
Conditional meaning: a gerund of this kind in this case can be replaced by conjunctions "if" and "if". But, it should be noted that the temporary meaning is also expressed in these cases: "Working in his speci alty, he will never get tired."
Concessive meaning: in such cases, this type of participle can be replaced by conjunctions. Despite the fact that time is also expressed in the form of a gerund: "Working outside her speci alty, she had no problems." Nothing complicated. And thus, we see that the perfective and imperfective participles differ from each other.
Meanings of the perfect participle
Next moment. The perfect participle, depending on the situation, is used in different meanings.
Circumstantial meaning: this type of gerund indicates the circumstance of the action and at the same time carries a temporary meaning (indicates the end of the action). Those. indicates the end of one action and the condition for the emergence of another, expressed by the verb: "After finishing his work, Pavel wrote a note to his mother and went to the cinema."
Temporary meaning: this type of gerund expresses a sequence of actions. Those. one action ends and another begins. "Having learned that Natasha was ill, Nikolai immediately called her."
Causal meaning: gerund in sentences that express causal meaning,as if combines temporal and causal significance. For example: "Doubting his knowledge, he went to the library to look at some literature."
We see that the perfective and imperfective participles have different ways of word usage. In fact, everything is very simple.
Indefinite participles
There is another kind of similar parts of speech. It is not studied at school, but an experienced linguist will always talk about this group. There are perfect and imperfect participles. But there are also parts of speech of an indefinite form.
It is worth noting that there are cases that, in terms of meaning, cannot be included in the scope of the options described. Probably some new category is needed to describe them. There are quite a few such examples, here are just a few.
"They wrote the lyrics without making a single mistake."
"The girl sang and laughed, forgetting her hurt and tears."
"The nurse entered the room and spoke loudly, not paying attention to the fact that some patients were sleeping in the room."
Thus, we examined the perfect and imperfect participles, examples of which are given above. However, they also pointed out a special indefinite form.
