Let's talk about the spelling of various words and the rules of the Russian language - both simple and insidious. Today we will analyze such a rule as the continuous spelling of prefixes and the separate spelling of prepositions.
Prefix - what is it?
Before trying to figure out how to write a prefix, let's remember what it is. A prefix (in scientific terminology - a prefix) is a morpheme that is in front of the root and serves to form new words: swim - swim away, sail, swim.
There is a word in Russian in which the prefix is in an atypical place - between the roots. This word is "world-view". But these are already the subtleties of morphemics, in this article we will not touch on them. The topic of this review will be the continuous spelling of prefixes and cases of putting a hyphen between the prefix and the root.
Prefix and preposition
A prefix cannot exist separately from a word. In this case, this is already a suggestion. As we remember, a preposition is not a morpheme, but a part of speech that connects words into phrases. But the prefix can be written with a hyphen! And each part of speech has its own cases of such writing and ways,how to distinguish a prefix from a preposition. Most of them will seem familiar to someone from the school bench, and some, perhaps, will become a discovery.
Full spelling of prefixes and separate spelling of prepositions is a grammar rule that is considered one of the main ones. It is very important to be able to write prefixes in words correctly so as not to be considered illiterate. So let's learn!
An interesting science of etymology, which studies the history of words, claims that most of the prefixes are derived from prepositions. In the modern language, these prefixes correspond in meaning to a similar preposition: joyless - without joy, beyond the river - beyond the river. But there are those who do not have a similar pretext. For example, re-, right-, re-, times- and others.
Prefixes that are always spelled together
The continuous spelling of prefixes for the Russian language is considered the norm (in the event that we found out that this is a prefix, and not a preposition).
under-, over-, in-, at-, pre-, pro-, pr-, a rare prefix pa- (for example, in the word stepson) and many others. Examples: joyless, heartless, background, make, use up, source, enormous, squat, dash, unpack, stun, call names, etc.
Some words have foreign prefixes, most of which are also supposed to be written together. These are the prefixes anti-, archi-, a-, dez-, ir-, trans- and some others: illogical,transcontinental, irrational, misinformation.
There are Russian prefixes that can be written with a hyphen in certain cases. This is in-, in- (in-), some-. Separate sections of the article will be devoted to them.
Cases to remember
Among the prefixes of foreign origin, there are those whose spelling should be remembered.
- The prefix ex- in the meaning of "former, past" is written with a hyphen: ex-president, ex-leader, ex-favorite.
- The prefix counter- is written with a hyphen in the word rear admiral. Other words with such a prefix are supposed to be written together: counterparty, counteroffensive.
When writing words of foreign origin or containing parts of foreign origin, it is better to refer to the dictionary, as they may not obey the rules of the Russian language.
Next, we will continue to study the continuous spelling of prefixes and the separate spelling of prepositions, examples and cases of using atypical, rare prefixes will also be presented.
Warm-up: verb and prefix
Let's start with this, perhaps the simplest rule: how to determine whether a prefix is in front of us or a preposition when it comes to a verb? There can be only one answer: it is a prefix. In what word? In any! If the word is a verb, then it can never be preceded by a preposition. This means that what caused our difficulty is precisely the prefix, and it must be written merged. I ran behind a tree, read about the sea, etc. There are no exceptions. TryWrite a sentence so that there is a preposition before the verb. Does not exceed? That's the whole story! Continuous spelling of prefixes in a verb is a rule without exceptions.
Don't forget about the insidious word "not", which can be misleading and seem like a pretext. NOT is not a preposition, NOT is a particle, because it does not serve to connect words, but introduces a negative connotation of meaning. And the particle NOT is written with verbs, of course, separately (except for those words that are not used without it and in which this very thing is NOT, most likely, part of the root).
Spelling prefixes - independent parts of speech
The school curriculum devotes many hours to learning how to write prefixes. Continuous spelling of prefixes and separate spelling of prepositions (grades 5, 6 and 7) is explained over many lessons when studying almost all parts of speech.
Although the rule is not considered the most difficult, it is in the spelling of prefixes that mistakes often occur. Not only schoolchildren, but also adults often puzzle over whether to write a word together or separately, a preposition in front of it or a prefix. In order not to rack your brains, you just need to understand and remember a few simple rules that govern the continuous spelling of prefixes. We will consider examples in the following sections of the article, paying attention to each part of speech separately.
Prefixes of nouns and adjectives
This rule is also not the most difficult. Continuous writing of prefixes (Grade 3 is already devoting lessons to thisrule) of nouns and adjectives is very easy to check. You cannot put another word or a semantic question between a prefix and a word, but between a preposition and a word - you can: coastal - at (what?) Court, prankster - about an (interesting) story.
Recall that a preposition can only refer to a noun, even if there is an adjective between them.
Insidious tongue
This part of speech is more complicated. In this case, it is easy to determine whether the prefix is in front of us or a preposition (a preposition cannot stand before an adverb, as well as before a verb). The difficulty is that the prefix with the adverb is written not only together, but also through a hyphen. Continuous spelling of prefixes in adverbs, the rules for setting a hyphen - all this deserves close attention.
So, the first part of the rule: prefixes with adverbs are written together in most cases (except those that require a hyphen, but we will talk about them below). Wasted, scared, bald, sideways, etc.
The second part of the rule concerns several prefixes that can be written with a hyphen in adverbs. The next section of the article is devoted to them.
Spelling prefixes of adverbs with a hyphen
When it comes to adverbs, continuous spelling of prefixes is a rule with some caveat, because in this part of speech, prefixes are often written with a hyphen. There are not very many cases of hyphenation in adverbs, and this section of the article will require only a couple of points. So, prefixes in adverbsare written with a hyphen if:
- This is a prefix po-, and the adverb has suffixes -om or -mu: in a good way, in a businesslike way.
- This is a prefix in -, and the adverb has the suffix -i: brotherly, in Arabic.
- This is a prefix in- (in-), and the adverb has suffixes -th or -them: tenth, first, fourth, etc. Such words are formed from ordinal numbers, and in sentences most often serve as introductory words.
Prefix NOT with nouns, adjectives and adverbs
The spelling of the prefix NOT with different words always stands alone among other rules. This is a very difficult prefix, with each part of speech and in each case it behaves differently. But there are some general rules for nouns, adjectives and adverbs that allow you to distinguish the prefix NOT from the negative particle NOT.
- If a word with NOT can be replaced with a similar meaning, then it is NOT a prefix: soft - quiet, soft - dull, unfriendly - hostility.
- If a word with NOT in a sentence has or means opposition, then it is NOT a particle and is written separately: not deep, but shallow; not pleasant, but repulsive; not a lamp, but a floor lamp; he is not my husband (meaning someone else).
- In words that are not used without NOT (such as slob, careless, absurdity, etc.) NOT is not a prefix, but part of the root. In such words, it can be difficult to correctly identify morphemes if you do not know their etymology (i.e. origin).
Pronouns and prefixes
Pronouns area special group of words that do not mean anything, but only indicate an object or feature. Their morphemic composition is also atypical. As a rule, these are short one-syllable or two-syllable words: you, they, such as, etc. In pronouns, the continuous spelling of prefixes, examples of which will follow, is a rather interesting, but easy rule.
Perhaps the only prefix that pronouns can have is the prefix NOT. It occurs in negative pronouns and is written together with them if there is no preposition between the prefix and the word. No one - no one, no one - no one, no time, no place, no need.
Recall that in negative pronouns, the prefix NOT occurs only under stress. If the stress falls on another part of the word, then you should write NI. Someone approached us - no one wanted to leave; there is no one to admire - I do not admire anyone; I don’t have anyone to walk with - I don’t talk to anyone; a few letters - no regrets.
There is a prefix that occurs only with pronouns and is written with a hyphen. This prefix is something: somehow, someone, somewhere. Breaks away from the word, i.e. it is written separately with him, this prefix in the event that any pretext is "wedged": for someone, for something, about something.
Tricky prefixes half- and half-
The prefix floor- is usually found in nouns, and its insidiousness is that it is written either together or with a hyphen. When should you put a hyphen?
- If the prefix is followed by any vowel sound:half an apple, half a watermelon, half an Arkhangelsk.
- If after the prefix - a capital letter: half-Sochi, half-Paris, half-Kaliningrad.
- If the prefix is followed by the consonant -l-: half a lime, half a palm, half a London.
In other cases, the prefix half- is written together: half a class, half a house, half a city, half a village, and so on.
With the prefix semi- everything is much simpler: it is always written together, no matter what part of speech the word belongs to: short fur coat, half-ready, semi-literate.
Spelling half- and half- and hyphens is one of the most easy-to-remember rules from this thread.
Rare consoles
We continue to study the continuous spelling of prefixes. Examples of the variety of prefixes in the Russian language are endless. Who would have thought that in the Russian language, for example, the prefix u-, and it occurs only in one word - holy fool (its analogue is the modern prefix u-, for example, in the word freak).
The prefix occurs in just a few words: loan, start, puff and some others.
The prefix underside-, perhaps, will come across to us only in a nutshell: gradually and ste althily.
Ku- is found in the words to be smart, shrink and some others. It is believed that it is also in the word curls.
Pa- in modern language can only be found in three words: stepdaughter, stepson and flood. As you can see, such a prefix is only under stress.
These are interesting prefixes found in the words of the Russian language. And it is not always possible to immediately understand that this is a prefix!
Summarize
So, what did we learn while reading the article? Firstly, that the phrase "continuous and separate spelling of prefixes" is erroneous: prefixes can only be written together (in rare cases - through a hyphen), and if they are written separately from the word, then this is already a preposition.
Secondly, we learned (or maybe just remembered) how to distinguish a prefix from a preposition. Each part of speech has its own rules that every literate person should know, since the ability to distinguish a prefix from a preposition is the basics of grammar.
Almost every prefix has a similar preposition, and only a few prefixes do not.
The prefix NOT has an analogue not a preposition, but a particle. Distinguishing between the prefix and the NOT particle is a special rule, considered one of the most difficult in orthography. Each part of speech has its own nuances.
Prefixes can be written through a hyphen only in adverbs or pronouns, as well as the prefix pol- in nouns. There are very few such prefixes, it is very easy to learn them. For adverbs, these are prefixes in-, in-, in- (if there are certain suffixes), for pronouns - the prefix koe- (in the absence of a preposition between it and the word).
Particular attention should be paid to prefixes semi- and semi-. They are written in accordance with a clear rule: half- can be written both together and with a hyphen, and semi- can only be written together.
Be sure to remember the most important rule for distinguishing between a preposition and a prefix: the prefix cannot be "torn off" from the word with a question orqualifying word, while the preposition is separated from the word very easily.
We have studied the continuous spelling of prefixes, examples of hyphens, and we hope that this rule will not cause difficulties for anyone else. Let's write correctly!
