Education in the Russian Federation is a single process aimed at educating and educating the future generation. During 2003-2010. the domestic education system has undergone a major reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to the speci alty and postgraduate studies, such levels of the education system of the Russian Federation as bachelor's and master's programs were introduced.
In 2012, Russia adopted the law “On the Education of the Russian Federation”. Levels of education similar to those of European countries enable free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that signed the Bologna Declaration.
Education: concept, purpose, functions
Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of education is to familiarize new members of society with established beliefs and value ideals.
The main learning functions are:
- Education of worthy members of society.
- Socialization and familiarization of the new generation to the existingvalues in this society.
- Providing qualified training for young professionals.
- Transfer of work-related knowledge through modern technology.
Education criteria
An educated person is a person who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, is able to clearly determine the causes and consequences of an event and can think logically at the same time. The main criterion of education can be called the consistency of knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in the ability of a person, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.
The importance of learning in human life
It is through training that the culture of society is transmitted from one generation to another. Education affects all areas of society. An example of such an impact could be the improvement of the education system. New levels of vocational education in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the state's available labor resources, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, becoming a lawyer will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen should know their legal rights and obligations.
Quality and systematic education, which covers all spheres of human life, allows you to educate a harmonious personality. Education also has a significant impact on the individual. Since in the present situation only an educated person can rise up the socialladder and achieve a high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly related to receiving high-quality training at the highest level.
Education system
The education system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:
- Pre-school education (development centers, kindergartens).
- General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
- Higher education institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
- Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
- Non-state.
- Additional education.
Principles of the education system
- Priority of universal human values.
- Cultural and national principles are the basis.
- Science.
- Focus on features and level of education in the world.
- Humanistic character.
- Dedicated to protecting the environment.
- Continuity of education, consistent and continuous.
- Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
- Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personality.
- Mandatory primary (basic) education.
Types of education
According to the level of achieved independent thinking, the following types of training are distinguished:
- Preschool - in the family and in preschools (children under 7 years of age).
- Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums,starting at the age of 6 or 7, it lasts from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught the basic skills of reading, writing and counting, much attention is paid to the development of personality and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge about the world around.
- Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). It is carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with obtaining a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students at this stage acquire knowledge and skills that form a full citizen.
- Higher education is one of the stages of vocational education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.
The nature and direction of education is:
- General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of sciences, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him, helps to acquire the necessary practical skills.
- Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
- Polytechnic. Teaching the basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of skills in using the simplest tools.
Education Levels
The organization of training is based on such a concept as “the level of education in the Russian Federation”. It reflects the division of the curriculum according to the learning statistic of the population inas a whole and for each citizen individually. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. The Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:
- Preschool.
- Initial.
- Basic.
- Average.
In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:
- Bachelor's degree. Enrollment is made on a competitive basis after passing the exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen speci alty. The training lasts 4 years. At the end of this level, a graduate can take special exams and continue his studies as a specialist or master.
- Speciality. This stage includes basic education, as well as training in the chosen speci alty. On a full-time basis, the term of study is 5 years, and on a part-time basis - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue your studies for a master's degree or enroll in graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not differ much from a master's degree. However, when applying for employment abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
- Master's degree. This stage produces professionals with a deeper specialization. You can enroll in a master's program after completing a bachelor's degree and a specialist degree.
- Training of highly qualified personnel. Assumes postgraduate studies. This is a necessarypreparation for obtaining the degree of candidate of sciences. Full-time education lasts 3 years, part-time - 4. An academic degree is awarded upon completion of studies, defending a dissertation and passing final exams.
The levels of education in the Russian Federation, according to the new law, contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are quoted by higher educational institutions of other states, which means they make it possible to continue their education abroad.
Forms of education
Studying in Russia can take two forms:
- In special educational institutions. It can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, remote forms.
- Outside educational institutions. It implies self-education and family education. Intermediate and final state certification is envisaged.
Education subsystems
The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help to achieve the main goal of the education process - the socialization of a person.
The main difference between these two categories is that training is aimed primarily at developing the intellectual side of a person, while education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between these two processes. In addition, they complement each other.
Quality in higher education
Despite the fact that not so long ago a reform was carried out in the education system of the Russian Federation, notthere is a significant improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in improving the quality of educational services are the following:
- Outdated management system in higher education.
- A small number of highly qualified foreign teachers.
- Low ranking of domestic educational institutions in the global community due to weak internationalization.
Issues relating to the management of the education system
- Low wages for education workers.
- Lack of highly qualified personnel.
- Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
- Low professional level of education in Russia.
- The low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.
Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels of municipalities of the Russian Federation.
Trends in the development of education services
- Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students in order to exchange best international practices.
- Strengthening the orientation of national education in a practical direction, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines, an increase in the number of practicing teachers.
- Active introduction of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems into the educational process.
- Promotion of distance learning.
Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state of modern society. This is a determining factor in the socio-economic development of the Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, there is a slight improvement. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which indicates that the process of Russian education has taken a course towards internationalization.
