The historical development of wildlife occurs according to certain laws and is characterized by a combination of individual features. The successes of biology in the first half of the 19th century served as a prerequisite for the creation of a new science - evolutionary biology. She immediately became popular. And she proved that evolution in biology is a deterministic and irreversible process of development of both individual species and their entire communities - populations. It occurs in the biosphere of the Earth, affecting all its shells. This article will be devoted to both the study of species concepts and the factors of evolution.
History of development of evolutionary views
Science has gone through a difficult path of forming worldview ideas about the mechanisms underlying the nature of our planet. It began with the ideas of creationism expressed by C. Linnaeus, J. Cuvier, C. Lyell. The first evolutionary hypothesis was presented by the French scientist Lamarck in his work"Philosophy of Zoology". English researcher Charles Darwin was the first in science to suggest that evolution in biology is a process based on hereditary variability and natural selection. Its basis is the struggle for existence.
Darwin believed that the emergence of continuous changes in biological species is the result of their adaptation to the constant change of environmental factors. The struggle for existence, according to the scientist, is a set of interconnections of the organism with the surrounding nature. And its reason lies in the desire of living beings to increase their numbers and expand their habitats. All of the above factors and includes evolution. Biology, which grade 9 studies in class, considers the processes of hereditary variability and natural selection in the section "Evolutionary Teaching".
Synthetic hypothesis of the development of the organic world
Even during the lifetime of Charles Darwin, his ideas were criticized by a number of such famous scientists as F. Jenkin and G. Spencer. In the 20th century, in connection with the rapid genetic research and the postulation of Mendel's laws of heredity, it became possible to create a synthetic hypothesis of evolution. In their works, it was described by such famous scientists as S. Chetverikov, D. Haldane and S. Ride. They argued that evolution in biology is a phenomenon of biological progress, which has the form of aromorphoses, idioadaptations affecting populations of various species.
According to this hypothesis, evolutionarythe factors are life waves, genetic drift and isolation. Forms of the historical development of nature are manifested in such processes as speciation, microevolution and macroevolution. The above scientific views can be represented as a summation of knowledge about mutations, which are the source of hereditary variability. As well as ideas about the population as a structural unit of the historical development of a biological species.
What is an evolutionary environment?
This term is understood as the biogeocenotic level of organization of wildlife. Microevolutionary processes occur in it, affecting populations of one species. As a result, the emergence of subspecies and new biological species becomes possible. Processes leading to the appearance of taxa - genera, families, classes - are also observed here. They belong to macroevolution. Scientific research by V. Vernadsky, proving the close relationship of all levels of organization of living matter in the biosphere, confirms the fact that biogeocenosis is an environment for evolutionary processes.
In climax, that is, stable ecosystems, in which there is a large diversity of populations of many classes, changes occur as a result of coherent evolution. Biological species in such stable biogeocenoses are called coenophilic. And in systems with unstable conditions, uncoordinated evolution occurs among ecologically plastic, so-called cenophobic species. Migrations of individuals of different populations of the same species change their gene pools, disrupting the frequency of occurrence of different genes. So says modern biology. Evolutionof the organic world, which we will consider below, confirms this fact.
Stages of development of nature
Scientists such as S. Razumovsky and V. Krasilov proved that the pace of evolution underlying the development of nature is uneven. They represent slow and almost imperceptible changes in stable biogeocenoses. They sharply accelerate during periods of environmental crises: man-made disasters, melting glaciers, etc. About 3 million species of living beings live in the modern biosphere. The most important of them for human life is studied by biology (Grade 7). The evolution of Protozoa, Coelenterates, Arthropods, Chordates is a gradual complication of the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems of these animals.
The first remains of living organisms are found in Archean sedimentary rocks. Their age is about 2.5 billion years. The first eukaryotes appeared at the beginning of the Proterozoic era. Possible variants of the origin of multicellular organisms explain the scientific hypotheses of I. Mechnikov's phagocytella and E. Getell's gastrea. Evolution in biology is the path of development of wildlife from the first Archean life forms to the diversity of flora and fauna of the modern Cenozoic era.
Modern ideas about the factors of evolution
They are conditions that cause adaptive changes in organisms. Their genotype is the most protected from external influences (the conservation of the gene pool of a biological species). Hereditary information can still change under the influence of gene chromosomalmutations. It was in this way - the acquisition of new features and properties - that the evolution of animals took place. Biology studies it in such sections as comparative anatomy, biogeography and genetics. Reproduction, as a factor in evolution, is of exceptional importance. It ensures generational change and continuity of life.
Man and biosphere
The processes of the formation of the Earth's shells and the geochemical activity of living organisms are studied by biology. The evolution of the biosphere of our planet has a long geological history. It was developed by V. Vernadsky in his teachings. He also introduced the term "noosphere", meaning by it the influence of conscious (mental) human activity on nature. Living matter, which enters into all shells of the planet, changes them and determines the circulation of substances and energy.
