To fully understand this topic, it is necessary to define what national communism is. What role does he play in our national history and the world? After all, national communism is something extremely important for the whole history!
Definition
So, national communism is a political movement whose representatives tried to combine the incompatible: communism and nationalism. The emergence of this phenomenon is attributed primarily to Ukraine in 1917-1920, which was part of the former Russian Empire. The goal of national communism was to create, firstly, a socialist state, and secondly, a communist society, which is based on national interests, cultural and territorial characteristics of a separate nationality.
And the main representatives of this movement in Ukraine were: Mykola Khvylevoy, Mykola Skrypnyk, Alexander Shumskoy, Mikhail Volobuev.
Features
As mentioned above, this movement was responsible for the creation of a communist society, but it had to be based on the interests of a certain nationality. ideaof national communism, the parties that supported it, was a complete refusal to replace the national culture with any other universal language and culture. It is important to note that this current supported the idea of a separate independent state, which enters the union of socialist republics on a voluntary basis. In line with the above, the National Communism movement opposed the ideas of both globalization and cosmopolitanism.
Territory covered by this political movement
Of course, this movement existed not only on Ukrainian territory, but also in some other republics of the Soviet Union, for example, in Georgia.
But as for Ukrainian national communism, it remained the strongest among the republics. Moscow actively fought against such phenomena, and it managed to eliminate them, but in the situation with Ukraine, the government failed. After all, Ukraine has always shown an active struggle for its independence, which it achieved. The situation was the same after the Revolution, when the Ukrainian Republic won the right to be called an independent state in 1920. However, Moscow left this agreement only on paper and continued to represent Ukraine in international communities, to which the government was the last to protest.
However, after the creation of the USSR, the status of independent Ukraine began to rapidly lose. After all, her government wanted to carry out a complete Ukrainization and replace those in power with people with only Ukrainian roots. However, the Moscow authorities accepted thesemeasures for the national oppression of the Russian people on the territory of the Ukrainian Republic. Under such pressure, the political movement in Ukraine was overwhelmed by National Bolshevism.
National communism. Political origin story
As mentioned above, the origin of this trend is attributed to Ukraine. It was formed from the very first years of Soviet power. Important at that time was the brochure of Mazlakh and the Fraudster, which was called "Volne". Its authors were convinced that it was possible to destroy the phenomenon of national oppression left after the hated tsarist regime only if Ukraine was separated from the Russian Empire. They also believed that the Communist Party of Ukraine needed to be transformed into a separate political organization. Mazlakh and Swindler severely criticized the attitude of the government, which was in Moscow, to the Ukrainian national problem. The authors of the pamphlet dreamed of a communist and independent Ukraine, but these are two completely incompatible things.
Thus, the Volne brochure became the first source that expressed the ideas of national communism, and the basis for the emergence of a new trend, doomed to inevitable collapse.
In general, this movement united various political currents and directions, the idea of which was "the communist restructuring of all layers of Soviet society".
The reasons for the emergence of the movement of social communism on Ukrainian territory
The appearance of this current on the territory of Ukraine wasdue to the political realities of that time and, perhaps, the immaturity and split of the Ukrainian democratic movement. It is worth noting that a rather impressive number of Ukrainian democrats understood that only cooperation with the Bolsheviks would help to avoid a terrible situation. Perhaps it was for this reason that national communism, whose history is so closely intertwined with the Soviet regime, was doomed to perish.
Ukrainization and its achievements
This action started in Ukraine in the 1920s. The goal of Ukrainization was, firstly, to replace all personnel in the leadership with people of Ukrainian origin, and secondly, to introduce the Ukrainian language into all levels of society.
The main achievement of Ukrainization was the full introduction of the Ukrainian language at all possible levels. Representatives of the current also achieved the legitimacy of the national initiative of the Ukrainian communists. Success was also achieved in the field of organizing the cultural process, which acted in the struggle against Russian chauvinism and Ukrainian nationalism. Representatives of the current created a branching of the cells of the Ukrainian language and Ukrainian culture.
National communism under Stalin was severely suppressed. And everyone who supported this idea and movement was sent to be shot. For this, of course, the representatives of the movement terribly hated and feared the ruler of the Soviet Union.
Reasons for the emergence of social communism in Russia
So, the first information about social democracy in Russia, which after many years degenerated into communism, appearedwhen Georgy Plekhanov translated the "Manifesto of the Communist Party" into his native language.
The abolition of shameful serfdom in the Russian Empire in 1861 was the direct cause of the emergence of capitalist relations in Russia, which had not happened before. However, the old foundations were still preserved in the country: autocracy, privileges for the nobles, large land ownership. For this reason, the mood of a revolutionary character began to grow among the people. Then various political associations began to organize themselves, including the Russian Social Democratic Party. Thus, things were slowly moving towards colossal changes throughout the country.
But the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903, which was held in London, laid the foundation for real party building. At this congress, the main documents and programs for the development of social communism in Russia were signed. It is important to note that such congresses could not legally be held on the territory of the Russian Empire, because such activities were simply impossible in Russia at that time.
At the same 2nd congress, the same division into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks occurred, which subsequently led to irreversible historical events that changed Russia entirely.
Manifestations of this movement in Vietnam
What is remarkable about Vietnamese national communism? History says that the Communist Party in Vietnam was born in 1951 and existed until 1981. Decision to Establish a Communist Party in Vietnamwas adopted at the Congress of the PCI in the 51st year. When it began its existence, it separated from the French Communist Party and, in turn, was itself divided into 3 parties: the Khmer People's Revolutionary Party, the Lao People's Party and the Vietnamese Labor Party.
After the end of the Vietnam War, an active continuation of the idea of forming a communist society in the country began. And the first step towards communism was the nationalization of all banks and large companies. Already in 1976, the South and North of Vietnam united and became known as the Vietnamese Socialist Republic.
Already in the mid-1970s, Vietnam established a strong relationship with the USSR, and in 1976 they signed a friendship treaty. All the time, the Union actively helped to rebuild Vietnam after the brutal hostilities on its territory. Also, the Soviet Union actively contributed to the strengthening of communism in the Republic of Vietnam. Russian specialists from various fields were often sent there. Vietnamese exchange students came to the Union to study at Soviet universities.
But then in Vietnam the war broke out again with Cambodia, and then with China. The war did not last long, only three weeks, from February 17 to March 5, 1979. It ended thanks to the Soviet Union, which intervened and helped end hostilities between Vietnam and China peacefully. But despite the quick resolution of the conflict, a lot of people left Vietnam, which caused the country's economy to shake.
Copying the regime of the USSR by Vietnam led to its complete poverty. After all, in some parts of the country the economy was supported only byprivate enterprise. In connection with this phenomenon, a number of reforms were carried out, as a result of which some restrictions were lifted, and peasants could sell part of their products in the markets.
But after the collapse of the Soviet Union, aid to the republic ceased accordingly. The country had to independently get out of a terrible crisis, fight inflation and absolute poverty. Due to this oppressive situation, Vietnam opened its borders to European entrepreneurs who began to invest in the economy and industry.
In our time, Vietnam is also a socialist republic. Now the tourism business is actively progressing there. Holidays in Vietnam are now in great demand among the Russian population.
Communism in Vietnam appears in a slightly toned down form, although it resembles the Soviet Union. The Republic is open for economic relations with other countries.
Definitions of concepts
So, it is necessary to define such concepts as "national socialism", "communism" and "fascism". Because quite often people, thinking that they know history perfectly, are mistaken in these definitions.
National Socialism is a form of social organization that includes socialism and nationalism (racism). It is important to note that this movement, in turn, is divided into right and left. Moreover, the right one is more related to the word "socialism" and adjoins the USSR, but the left one focuses on"nationalism", which refers to Hitler's policy based on racism in its cruelest form. Many attribute this definition to fascism and do not see much difference.
Fascism is a political trend that includes dictatorship and the use of extreme forms of violence (this has especially affected the Jewish people). It is combined with nationalism and racism. This movement leads to a complete denial of human rights and freedoms, carries a threat to the whole world. Therefore, today all over the world there is an active struggle against any manifestations of fascism. Constitutions contain a number of articles that criminalize any act of a fascist nature.
It is worth noting that, despite the fact that the 21st century is in the yard, manifestations of fascism, unfortunately, take place in Europe. But, fortunately, an active struggle is being waged against such phenomena.
However, there is a difference, and a very significant one. So how does it manifest itself?
The difference between National Socialism, Communism, Fascism
And the difference between these concepts is as follows. If fascism treated the state as a primary element and said: "the state creates a nation", then National Socialism expounded the idea that the state acts as a means for the preservation of the people. His goal was to rebuild the state into a society. National Socialism supported the idea of purging the race, discarding all other elements. In the case of Germany, this idea was embodied in the Aryan nation. Fascistssought absolute power over all aspects of the life of each individual. This current included the rejection of many basic human rights.
In the early 1930s, social-nationalists led by Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Therefore, the persecution of the Jewish people began almost immediately, and then they began to be massively destroyed. This operation in history is called the Holocaust. The National Socialists planned, after the destruction of the Jews and the capture of the whole world, to use other peoples, enslaving them.
Fortunately, this idea did not materialize, although it managed to bring a lot of grief to the entire human population. A huge number of Jews were destroyed in the camps, many people were shot.
As for communism, there are also some peculiarities here. But first you need to define what communism is.
Communism is a political ideology that denies any private property. It is believed that this ideology is utopian. The meaning of this idea is reflected in the following phrase: "from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs." A striking example of communism is the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. They tried to build communism there for 70 years, but, unfortunately, these attempts were unsuccessful, because the USSR fell, proving only the utopianism of the communist ideology.
National communism in Russia was associated with fear, lack of humanity and any hope that a person would be pardoned for his deed.
Common features of National Socialism, Communism, Fascism
National socialism and fascism have common features. The main one is the complete subordination of the interests of each individual to the state and the absolute control of the state over all layers of society and the individual.
Both of these ideas are the embodiment of cruelty and injustice, because we can evaluate these movements, judging by the final results that they came to in the end. There is no doubt that the representatives of these political trends did not wish harm to the country. They tried to build a new ideal society (in their understanding). However, they did not take into account one thing - the interests of the common people, who suffered, endured so much grief. Surely humanity suffered grief during that terrible time for thousands of years to come.
