Who formulated the golden rule of didactics and presented it to the general public? What is its essence? What is it for? How should existing knowledge be used? These, as well as a number of other questions, will be considered within the framework of this article.
Introduction
You should start with the person who formulated the golden rule of didactics. This is Jan Amos Comenius - Czech philosopher, humanist thinker, writer and teacher. More than two hundred scientific works belong to his pen. Among them there are socio-political and theological works, works on linguistics, geography, geometry, cartography, physics, sermons, instructive treatises, textbooks in Czech and Latin, literary works and much more.
Start
The theory of general universal education for scientists was outlined in the "Didactics", which was created in 1628-1630 in the Czech language. The work, revised, expanded and translated into Latin, is the basis of the theoretical basis for the secondary educational level. It was created in1633-1638.
How does the golden rule of didactics by Ya. A. Comenius sound?
“…everything should be presented to the external senses, as far as possible, namely: visible - to sight, heard - to hearing, smelled - to smell, tasted - to taste, tangible - to touch, if something can be simultaneously perceived by several senses, then represent this object simultaneously to several senses. This is what the golden rule of didactics of Ya. A. Comenius is. But just reading and learning about it is not enough. Still needs to be sorted out. This is much more difficult to do than it might seem at first glance.
About visibility
She acts as the main source of knowledge. Ya. A. Comenius understood visualization broadly. It was based not only on visual perception. The scientist believed that all the senses should be involved. This is necessary in order to ensure a better perception of things and phenomena. The essence of the golden rule of didactics lies in perception, because it is thanks to it that objects can be imprinted in creation. Comenius believed that only after everyone had become familiar with the subject of study, he could be given explanations. Visualization can be achieved in cases where the subject of assimilation is presented in a sensual form. All this is considered in great detail by the so-called "Great Didactics" of Comenius, which is the Latin version of the work of this scientist.
How aboutpractice?
I. A. Comenius was well aware that simply demonstrating the subject is not enough. The teacher should show what is being studied as a whole from different angles. It is also necessary to decompose the object into parts in front of the students, give a designation to each component and combine everything into one whole. This principle of teaching Comenius (the golden rule of didactics) was reflected in the thinker's textbook "The Visible World in Pictures". This book is considered a very good example of the implementation of the new pedagogy. It contained a large number of drawings. Under each of them there was a verbal description made in different languages. This approach has proven itself well during the teaching of foreign words. It should be noted that the scientist did not set himself the task of radically restructuring the existing curricula. He believed that the shortcomings present in the old scholastic approach could be eliminated. To do this, it is enough just to visualize everything.
More details about the principle of visibility in teaching
What do you need to know about here? What principle of teaching implies the golden rule of didactics, we have already analyzed. But why exactly him? The fact is that the principle of visibility is one of the most popular and intuitive. It has been used since ancient times. We also know that it is based on scientific patterns. Namely, the sense organs have a different reaction to different external stimuli. Books were characterized by supplydrawings. But this was an empirical application of visualization when there was no theoretical justification. Comenius in his research was guided by sensationalist philosophy. He was based on sensory experience. The scientist was able to theoretically substantiate and reveal in detail the principle of visibility.
Applying and expanding developments
So, it has already been considered what the golden rule of didactics means. But to think that it was simply formed in the seventeenth century and remained unchanged is a mistake. The achievements of the Czech scientist were regularly improved. For example, they have become widespread not only in the study of languages, but also in mathematics. This is due to the fact that it is required to achieve a very high level of abstraction. More than when studying other subjects. Thanks to the demand for the development of abstract thinking, this approach gained popularity in this case. It should be noted that the greatest merit of Comenius lies in the fact that he was able to brilliantly substantiate, generalize, deepen and expand the certain experience of visual teaching that already existed at that time. He made extensive use of visualization in practice, the most famous example of which are his textbooks with drawings.
Influence of other scientists
Komensky is not the only person who paid significant attention to the principle of visibility and used the golden rule of didactics. We should also recall the achievements of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. His didactics was based on the position that the child needs to develop independence, intelligence and the ability to observe. Information should be provided to the perception of a person with maximum clarity. As an example, nature and life facts were pointed out, with which the child was supposed to get acquainted directly. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi devoted his time to justifying visualization. He believed that without its application in the broad sense of the word, it is impossible to achieve correct ideas from a person about the world around him and it is very problematic to develop a person’s thinking and speech. It should be noted that Pestalozzi did not know all the information about Comenius's pedagogical system, although he knew his books.
Influence of Russian thinkers and teachers
First of all, it is necessary to mention Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky. He, starting from the psychological specifics of childhood, also paid significant attention to the principle of visibility. Its use in education, he believed, should create specific images that are directly perceived by the child. After all, abstract ideas and words cannot make it clear what and how things are in reality. The upbringing and educational work carried out in the primary grades should be built on the basis of the laws of development of children - the requirements of school didactics and pedagogy. At the same time, the direct perception of reality has a great influence. This is very important in preschool age, as well as in elementary grades. When children learn about the world around them, then active participation in thisaccept various analyzers: auditory, visual, motor and tactile. Ushinsky in particular noted that they think in images, colors, sounds and sensations in general. Therefore, it is necessary for children to conduct visual education, which will be built not just on abstract ideas and words, but using specific images. And those that can be perceived by the child directly. The golden rule of didactics makes it possible to emphasize the pattern on the basis of which the development of children of a given age is carried out. Let's look at an example with mathematics, which is important to understand in the lower grades, because then it will be problematic to deal with it. The task is to provide a link between the concrete and the abstract. For what and why? This allows you to create an external support for the internal actions that the child performs. It also serves as the basis for the development and improvement of conceptual thinking.
Continue about Russian thinkers and teachers
A little more about Ushinsky. Justifying the use of the principle of visualization of learning, he pointed out that the only source of human knowledge is experience that was communicated through the senses. So much attention is paid to this man for a reason. He had a strong influence on the theoretical development, as well as the application of the principle of visibility. For example, Ushinsky provided a materialistic rationale for all this. He does not have an overestimation, like Comenius, there is no pedantry and formalism, like Pestalozzi. Ushinskyconsiders visualization as one of the conditions that allows students to obtain full knowledge and contributes to the development of logical thinking. The next outstanding mind to be remembered is Leo Tolstoy. He taught students to be observant and paid great attention to the vitality of teaching. Lev Nikolaevich actively used excursions, experiments, tables and pictures, showed genuine phenomena and objects in their natural, natural form. He paid tribute to the principle of visibility. But at the same time, he critically ridiculed the perversions that the German Methodists recommended in the implementation of "subject lessons". Another person who left a trace behind him is Vasily Porfiryevich Vakhterov. He argued that the development of the child during the educational process is a natural phenomenon of life. At the same time, the task of the teacher is to use such methods of education and training that will take into account the age and individual characteristics of the student. At the same time, it is necessary to focus on the level of development of creative and cognitive abilities. According to Vakhterov, this is the main problem that should be solved in training and education.
Conclusion
So the principle of visibility, the golden rule of didactics and their role in the educational process are considered. It must be remembered that this is not a goal, but just a tool for understanding the world around us and developing the thinking of students. For if you get too carried away with visibility, then it can become an obstacle to getting reallydeep knowledge. This is expressed in the inhibition of the development of abstract thinking and understanding of the essence of general patterns. Summing up, it should be said that the use of visual aids throughout the history of mankind has occupied the minds of educators and scientists. And it remains relevant to this day.
