The Russian language has always been distinguished by its complexity, both grammatical and spelling. Many spelling rules and individual elements of morphology create difficulties for many people, both for schoolchildren and adults. Well, let's see what's what.
How do you spell "written" or "written"?
Checking the spelling of this word, you must use some rules of the Russian language. But the difficulty lies not only in knowing them. It is also important to choose the right rule. After all, the Russian language is so complicated that if we look from one side, we will see that the word is written with the suffix -n-, and if on the other, then with -nn-. This is due to the fact that in the Russian language there are many different parts of speech that you need to be able to determine in order to choose the right rule.
But how to determine the part of speech to which the word that caused difficulties belongs? Well, the point is to ask the right question to the word, and then understand its semantic meaning. So, the question remains unresolved, how is it correctly written: “written”or "written"? We will understand it step by step so that it is clear to everyone and everyone individually.
The word "written" refers to the group of short participles. But that is not all. Let's take a closer look. The word refers to the past tense. It is also a passive participle.
Basic rule
"Written" or "written"? Everything is very simple if you remember the basic rule: any short forms of passive participles that are in the past tense are written with one suffix -n-.
Hence the correct spelling is "written". Examples of passive participles in the past tense: read, marked, and so on. In addition, participles are also written with the suffix -n-, which belong to the group of impersonal ones: smoked, littered and the like.
Similar rules
Many people often confuse the requirement mentioned above with another one. Short forms of qualitative adjectives often coincide in form with passive past participles of the perfect aspect. If the word belongs to the group of adjectives, then the suffix consists of a double "nn". Here it is very important to understand what part of speech this or that word belongs to, and this can only be understood by realizing its main meaning.
Examples: educated (from the adjective "educated"); sublime (from the adjective "sublime"); abandoned (from the adjective "abandoned") and so on.
Another rule used by studentswrong, it's an algorithm for writing adjectives that end in -n. An example illustrates this difference very well: "She is faithful and devoted." The word "devoted" is written with the suffix -nn- because it carries a semantic comparison. In this case, however, there is no strict pattern for writing double "nn". It is also possible to write the suffix -n-, depending on how the author himself sees it. But if we talk about a similar sentence: “She is devoted to sadness,” then writing a double “nn” is no longer possible here. Because the adverb goes into the category of participles and acts as a verb. In addition, in the second case, additional members of the sentence are needed that answer the questions “to whom?” and “what?”.
Major mistakes
Very often schoolchildren confuse participles and adverbs. It's really difficult. It is difficult for many to see the difference between the two parts of speech, because they answer very similar questions. The only difference is in the meaning of these words. If we are talking about adverbs, then these words answer the question “how?”. If we are talking about participles, then the meaning is that these words are always associated with verbs.
Choosing the right rule
Due to the fact that many schoolchildren and students are confused between adverbs and participles, the wrong rule is often chosen. And it is not able to give a correct answer to the question of which is correct: “written” or “written”?
In fact, there is such a rule for adverbs: with the suffix -nn- they write words formed from adjectives with the samesuffix. For example, excitedly (from the adjective "excited"); inadvertently (from the adjective "unexpected"), desperately ("desperate"). There are a huge number of such examples.
In addition, there are other rules for adverbs that act as exceptions. Among them are such as "confusing", "learned", "windy", which are always written with only one "n".
Conclusion
In order to understand how to correctly form the participle: “written” or “written”, you need to understand the semantic load of the word, as well as what part of speech it refers to. This is a must learn to do for anyone who really cares about their spelling and strives to write texts and single sentences without errors.
In addition, it is worth remembering one important feature of participles, which will undoubtedly help in difficult cases: “written” or “written”, “read” or “read”. In participles that are in full form, a double suffix -nn- is always written. In short ones, on the contrary, one suffix -n- is always written.
