The word “orthoepy” itself is of Greek origin and exactly by its roots is translated as “correct speaking”. By "correct speaking" we mean the normative pronunciation of all sounds of the language and correctly placed stresses.
Literary Russian language and literary speech
There is such a thing - the modern literary Russian language (otherwise - CPR). This is a huge complex of words and acceptable forms that are the norm. CPR is a must-have on radio, television and other media, and is used to communicate in official situations and in public places with strangers. But, in addition to the literary language, there is also literary speech, that is, a set of laws and rules that correspond to the norm for the pronunciation of certain sounds or words. The orthoepic norms of the Russian language are these laws. They are used in the same media.
We don't talk likewrite
The principle on which Russian orthography is based is the unchanging type of morpheme during word formation. That is, how the root or suffix decided to be written once, and they will use it in all words with this morpheme (every rule has its exceptions, therefore there are such phenomena as vowel alternation in the root). However, it is clear that we cannot always pronounce the morpheme in the same way, even if we write it this way. Our language is trying to somehow ease its duties by slightly changing the sounds, shortening the path from the place of formation of one sound to another, and as a result, words are pronounced a little differently than they are written. It turns out that the orthoepic norms of the Russian language are the laws according to which it is necessary to correctly distort words during pronunciation. These rules are compiled by linguists on the basis of the pronunciation of the central regions of Russia - Moscow and St. Petersburg, in short.
Basic orthoepic norms of the Russian language
A) Hiccup is one of the laws by which words change during pronunciation. The hiccup is the transformation of e into and into an unstressed position.
B) Ykane is a transformation and into you in an unstressed position.
B) Akanye is the transformation of o to a in an unstressed position.
D) Stunning is a change in the pronunciation of a voiced sound to the corresponding paired deaf in certain positions, before another deaf for example.
E) Voicing is a change in the pronunciation of a deaf sound to the corresponding paired voiced in certain positions - beforesonorant (always voiced), at the beginning of words or before a vowel.
These are just the basic and most significant laws. In addition to them, there is also the pronunciation of each letter established by the norm, the correct stresses in words, and so on.
Changes in pronunciation norms
Naturally, the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian language may differ from the norms of, say, the 14th century: then, in their daily life, a Russian person had a completely different set of languages and a different vocabulary. Unlike CPRS, not everyone is or can be proficient in literary speech. In different regions of Russia, the sound of words is distorted in different ways: in the Vologda Oblast, for example, okane is common, that is, changing a to o in an unstressed position, and in the south the letter r is pronounced in the Ukrainian manner - with softening.
Orthoepy in foreign languages
The languages of other countries also have their own laws of word distortion, the same as the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Some of them even influenced spelling. In Belarusian, for example, the phonetic principle of writing is generally used, that is, during word formation, the original form of the morpheme can be changed if its pronunciation has changed. And in Turkish, Finnish and some others, such a phenomenon as vowel harmonism or otherwise - vowel harmony is common. The fact is that, due to the grammatical features of the language, the words in it can be very long, and the language is simply not able to pronounce such a number of different vowels and consonants. Therefore, synharmonism appears -assimilation of all vowels of a word to one shock. Over time, the orthoepic norms of the Russian language change. In some cases, such as with accents, this happens quite quickly. But nevertheless, the ability to master modern literary Russian speech is necessary for an intelligent person.
