Science 2024, November

Transcription in biology is a whole cascade of step-by-step reactions, as a result of which RNA molecules are synthesized on a DNA template. Moreover, not only information ribonucleic acids are formed in this way, but also transport, ribosomal, small nuclear and other

Today is a time of tremendous change, tremendous progress, as more and more questions are being answered. So in the second half of the twentieth century, it was possible to penetrate the secrets of nature through the study of nucleic acids RNA and DNA. This article is about ribonucleic acid - RNA

In all organisms (with the exception of some viruses), the implementation of genetic material occurs according to the DNA-RNA-protein system. At the first stage, information is rewritten (transcribed) from one nucleic acid to another. The proteins that regulate this process are called transcription factors

Everyone has seen that in autumn the leaves change their color. This is due to the fact that chloroplasts turn into red, yellow, burgundy plastids

What are alkynes? What physical and chemical properties do they have? Where are they applied? What are the ways to get them?

What are polysaccharides, what are their physical and chemical properties, what functions do they perform in the cell and body?

All plants can be divided into spore and seed. Spores include mosses, club mosses, ferns and horsetails. Their life cycle is divided into sporophyte and gametophyte. The sporophyte reproduces asexually by producing spores. The gametophyte is characterized by sexual reproduction, in which the plant forms gametes - sex cells - male and female

In addition to organelles, cells contain cellular inclusions. They can be contained not only in the cytoplasm, but also in some organelles, such as mitochondria and plastids

The path that Fleming Alexander went through is familiar to every scientist - searches, disappointments, daily work, failures. But a number of accidents that occurred in the life of this man determined not only fate, but also led to discoveries that caused a revolution in medicine

In mathematics, inverse functions are functions that "convert" to each other. To understand what this means, it is worth considering a specific example. Let's say we have y=cos(x). If we take the cosine from the argument, then we can find the value of the function. Accordingly, it is necessary to have "x". But what if "game" is initially given, and you want to find x? This is where it gets to the heart of the matter. To solve the problem, the use of an inverse function is required. this is the arcosine

Very often we hear the wrong pronunciation of words. For example, instead of the word "corridor" many people say "kolidor", instead of "stool" - "tubaret", etc. The tasks of orthoepic science just include teaching the classical, competent pronunciation of words. What is this section of science that studies orthoepy? Answers to these and other questions will be provided below

The article is devoted to instruments for measuring noise. The device of such devices, characteristics, as well as manufacturers and user reviews are considered

The boundary between the crust and the mantle is called the Mohorovichic surface. The depth of its occurrence is not the same in different regions: under the continental crust it can reach 70 km, under the oceanic - only about 10. The Mohorovichich boundary separates two media with different densities and electrical conductivity. It is generally accepted that this feature reflects the chemical nature of Moho

Jellyfish are a very common and most amazing species of living creatures that inhabit the seas and oceans. They can be admired endlessly. What types of jellyfish are there, where they live, what they look like, read in this article

Silver is a metal (see photo below), which is one of the rare chemical elements. Most often it is used for making jewelry

Method "Classification of objects" - one of the most effective in the field of clinical psychology. With its help, you can identify the presence of deviations in children's development, as well as detect facts of mental deviation in adults

A triangle is a polygon with three sides (three corners). Most often, the sides are denoted by small letters, corresponding to the capital letters that denote opposite vertices. In this article, we will get acquainted with the types of these geometric shapes, a theorem that determines what the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to

So who was really the first? Let's try to trace the main milestones on the way to the creation of the first radio

Alexander Popov was born in the Perm province in 1859, on March 4th. He died in St. Petersburg in 1905, on December 31. Popov Alexander Stepanovich - one of the most famous Russian electrical engineers and physicists

For 119 years, society can not decide who invented the radio. The fact is that almost at the same time this brilliant discovery was made by several scientists from different countries. Alexander Popov, Guglielmo Marconi, Nikola Tesla, Heinrich Hertz, Ernest Rutherford - all these people are somehow connected with radio

Geosynclinal belt is a geotectonic unit characterized by igneous, seismic and volcanic activity, large-scale metamorphic processes and a certain set of folded structures with relatively high mobility. In the modern sense, geosynclinal belts are associated with active continental margins and zones of collision of continental plates

One of the most famous celestial drawings is the constellation Cygnus. The layout of its stars resembles a flying bird. From ancient times it was attributed to the divine origin. Today it excites scientific minds, promising to reveal the secrets of a black hole and other space objects

The brightest of all the stars in the sky that people look at from Earth is Sirius. This is a star from the constellation Canis Major, having a mass of more than twice that of the Sun and emitting light more than twenty times brighter than the Sun. Legends, religious cults were associated with this star, aliens and brothers in mind were expected from there

Uncertainty is an inherent characteristic of real business conditions. After all, an entrepreneur, despite his experience and professionalism, cannot influence every really existing socio-economic process or foresee absolutely all possible situations that accompany the adoption and implementation of his decisions

If you tabulate the hypotheses of the origin of life on Earth, invented at different times, A4 sheet is not enough for it, so many different options and theories have been developed by people for a long time. The three main and largest groups of assumptions are the connection with the divine essence, natural evolution and cosmic settlement. Each option has followers and opponents, but the main scientific option is the theory of biochemistry

At the World Youth Festival held in Sochi in October 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin stunned those present with his statement and proximity to creating a person with given characteristics. Genetic programming and genetic algorithms as a tool for biotechnology are entering the existential path of development. The future has already arrived, and there are many examples of this. The world will enter the era of human genetic programming during our lifetime

John Stuart Mill (English John Stuart Mill; May 20, 1806, London - May 8, 1873, Avignon, France) was a British philosopher, sociologist, economist and politician. He made a significant contribution to social science, political science and political economy. He made a fundamental contribution to the philosophy of liberalism. Defended the concept of individual freedom as opposed to unlimited government control

Many people perceive the philological sciences as something very vague and abstract. They know that this process is related to the study of languages, but they do not have more detailed information. And only those who graduated from the Faculty of Philology can accurately and fascinatingly reveal all aspects of verbal science

Pierre de Fermat is one of the greatest scientists in the history of France. His achievements include the creation of such works as the theory of probability and numbers, he is the author of outstanding theorems and the discoverer of a number of mathematical properties

The organ of balance is hidden in the inner ear, which constantly registers the position and movement of the human body, helping to maintain balance. How terrible the feeling of losing balance is known to everyone who has suffered seasickness or rode the carousel for too long. The world begins to stagger and spin, and nothing can be done - it remains only to lie down and wait until everything falls into place

Time does not stand still and the language is subject to the so-called "clogging". A lot of new, and, in fact, unnecessary borrowed foreign words, jargon and parasitic words have appeared. The issue of ecology has long been of concern to mankind in all its spheres. It is very important to preserve not only the environment, but also the purity of Russian speech, which, like nature, is also littered with unnecessary "garbage"

Kingdom of bacteria: structural features of bacterial cells, general information about spherical bacteria, division into species. Features of micrococci, diplococci, streptococci and staphylococci

The surface apparatus is an integral part of any cell and many of its components. It performs vital functions. How the cell membrane works, the structure and functions of this structure - all this will be discussed in our article

The energy of the Sun has an ambiguous effect on our planet. It gives us warmth, but at the same time it can negatively affect people's well-being. One of the reasons for the negative impact is solar flares. How do they happen? What are the consequences?

The closest planet to us has a very beautiful name, but the surface of Venus makes it clear that in fact there is nothing in her character that would remind of the goddess of love. Sometimes this planet is called the twin sister of the Earth. However, the only thing we have in common is similar sizes

It's hard to say when a person first wondered if he was alone in the universe. But you can determine the time when the search for an answer to this question moved from the pages of science fiction novels to science - the middle of the last century, the beginning of the space age

The Earth's mantle is the part of the geosphere located between the crust and the core. It contains a large proportion of the entire substance of the planet. The study of the mantle is important not only in terms of understanding the internal structure of the Earth. It can shed light on the formation of the planet, give access to rare compounds and rocks, help understand the mechanism of earthquakes and the movement of lithospheric plates. However, obtaining information about the composition and features of the mantle is not easy

Is there information in inanimate nature, if we do not take into account the various techniques created by man? The answer to this question depends on the definition of the concept itself

The stratosphere is one of the upper layers of the air shell of our planet. It starts at an altitude of about 11 km above the ground. Passenger aircraft no longer fly here and clouds rarely form. The Earth's ozone layer is located in the stratosphere - a thin shell that protects the planet from the penetration of harmful ultraviolet radiation

Information processes in wildlife are much more common than it might seem at first glance