The process of preparing for any research of a scientific nature involves several stages. To date, there are many different recommendations and supporting methodological materials. All of them, however, do not concern the absence or presence of this or that stage, but, to a greater extent, their sequence. Common to all recommendations is the definition of the purpose of the study. Let's consider this question in more detail.
Key elements
Research of a scientific nature, unlike traditional, everyday knowledge, has a systematic and targeted focus. In this regard, it is extremely important to establish the scope of the study. The object and purpose of the study act as a certain coordinate system. Any work in scientific knowledge begins with the establishment of a system. After passing this stage, the theme is formulated. The purpose of the study acts as the end result. It is he who should be the result of all the planned work.
Object area
It is a practical and scientific area. The object itself is located within it.research. In a school course, this area may correspond to any particular discipline. For example, it can be biology, literature, mathematics, physics, history, etc. The object of study is a certain phenomenon or process that generates a problem. Activities are directed towards him. The subject of the study is a specific section of the object, within which the search for solutions is carried out. This element of the system can be an event in general, its individual aspects, relations between any components, interactions between one of them and the entire set of connections. The boundaries between these elements are very arbitrary. What may be the object of study in one case, in another will be the object area. For example, scientific activity is aimed at studying the creative connections between Russian and French literature of the 19th century. The subject of research in this case may be the features of borrowings.
Problem
The purpose of the study, the object of study are related to a specific issue that must be resolved. The problem is considered a narrow area of study. The choice of a specific research topic for many is a rather difficult stage. Often the choice falls on difficult or large-scale problems. Within the framework of academic study, they can become unbearable for full disclosure. In such cases, it is likely that the purpose and objectives of the study will not be fully implemented. Another situation may also arise. For example, a student, for one reason or another, chooses a problem that has long been known to everyone and is incomprehensible only to a narrowcircle of novice researchers.
Hypothesis
You can clarify the topic by studying the special literature on the problem. After that, you can begin to establish a hypothesis. It is believed that this stage is the most responsible of all. To understand how to pass it successfully, you must first explain the concept itself. The hypothesis must:
- Be verifiable.
- Correct with the facts.
- Don't be logically inconsistent.
- Contain a guess.
As soon as the hypothesis meets all the requirements, you can proceed to the next stage.
Goal and objectives of the study
In a broad sense, they should clarify the directions in which the proof of the hypothesis will be carried out. The purpose of the study is the result that should be obtained at the end of the study. It may concern:
- descriptions of the new event, summary;
- establishing the properties of phenomena not previously known;
- identifying common patterns;
- formation of classifications and so on.
There are various ways in which the purpose of the study can be formulated. For this, traditional cliches are used for scientific speech. For example, studying a problem could be done to:
- reveal;
- justify;
- install;
- develop;
- refine.
Means and ways to achieve results
With specialcare must be taken in formulating research objectives. This is due to the fact that the description of their decision will subsequently form the content of the chapters. Their headings are formed from the wording of the tasks. In general, this element can be defined as the choice of means and ways to achieve the desired result in accordance with the developed hypothesis. It is more expedient to formulate tasks in the form of a statement of specific actions that need to be done in order to achieve the goal. In this case, the enumeration should be built from simple to complex, laborious. The number of them will depend on the depth of study. When they are formulated, the main goal of the study is divided into several smaller ones. Their consistent achievement allows for a deeper study of the issue.
Methods
The purpose of the study is the ideal vision of the outcome that guides human activity. After formulating all the key elements of the system, it is necessary to choose a method for solving the problem. Ways can be divided into special and general. The latter include mathematical, empirical, theoretical. The choice of method plays a decisive role in the success of the research activity. The right way to resolve issues ensures the guaranteed achievement of the planned result.
Theoretical tricks
In some cases, the purpose of the study is a result that can only be achieved experimentally. In such a situation, it is better to use the simulation method. It allows you to study objectsdirect access to which is difficult or impossible. Modeling involves the performance of mental and practical actions with the model. There is another method that allows you to realize the purpose of the study. This technique is called abstraction. It consists in mentally abstracting from all non-essential aspects and focusing on one or more specific aspects of the subject. Analysis is another effective method. It involves the decomposition of the subject into components. Synthesis is the opposite. This method involves the connection of the formed parts into a single whole. With the use of synthesis and analysis, it is possible, for example, to conduct a study of the literature on the chosen topic of scientific research. The ascent from an abstract element to a concrete element is carried out in two stages. At the first stage, the object is divided into several parts and described using judgments and concepts. Then the original integrity is restored.
Empirical tricks
These include:
- Comparison.
- Observation.
- Experiment.
The latter has certain advantages over the others. The experiment allows not only to observe and compare, but also to change the conditions of study, to trace the dynamics.
Math Methods
Research goal can be achieved:
- Statistical tricks,
- Models and methods of network modeling theory and graphs.
- Dynamic programming techniques.
- Models and methodsqueuing.
- Visualization of information (plotting graphs, compiling functions, etc.).
The choice of a specific method within the framework of educational research is carried out under the guidance of a teacher.
Conduct study
Scientific research generally involves two stages. The first is the study itself. It is called the "technological stage". The second stage is considered analytical, reflective. Before starting work, you need to make a plan. It has three parts. First:
- The purpose of the study (planned experiments) is indicated.
- The inventory required to complete the job is listed.
- Describes the forms of entries in the draft notebook.
The first part should also contain the primary processing of the results obtained in the course of practical actions and their analysis, the stage of their verification. The plan must include everything that the researcher can foresee at the very first stage. The key elements of the activity are also formulated here. The second part describes the experimental stage of the work. Its content will depend on the chosen topic, the field of scientific knowledge. They characterize the specifics of the study. The researcher needs to analyze how the methods chosen by him can confirm the hypothesis put forward. If necessary, refine the techniques in accordance with the planned results.
Design
This is the third part of the work plan. In herthe method of examination is prescribed and the results obtained in the study are presented - from reviews to discussion within the group and presentations at the conference. It is advisable to present the results of the work in front of an audience of different composition. The more often the results are discussed, the better it will be for the researcher.
Prospect plan
It is a more detailed, abstract coverage of issues on which it is supposed to systematize the collected material. The plan-prospect acts as a basis for further evaluation by the head of scientific activity, establishing the compliance of the work with the set goals and objectives. It shows the key provisions of the content of the forthcoming activity. It contains a description of the principles of disclosure of the topic, the construction and correlation of the volumes of its individual parts. The plan-prospect, in fact, acts as a draft table of contents of the work with an abstract description and disclosure of the content of its sections. Its presence allows you to analyze the results of activities, check compliance with the goals set at the first stage and make adjustments if necessary.
Conclusion
In order to acquire knowledge that, in combination, makes it possible to clarify the problem, it is necessary to subdivide the study of its state. This division provides a description:
- Key characteristics of the phenomenon.
- Features of its development.
- Development or substantiation of criteria for indicators of the phenomenon under study.
Fin althe results are formulated with the help of verbs. Tasks are private independent goals with respect to one common goal.
