T. Kuhn played an important role in the development of sociology and philosophy. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, which he wrote, showed that scientists are often based on implicit conventions – paradigms.
His work contributed to the development of various disciplines. For example, the work of T. Kuhn formed the basis of the course of modern natural science, allows you to comprehend the methodology of scientific knowledge.
Stages of technology development
The development of the scientific revolution occurs in stages. Currently allocated:
- The primitive period, which arose immediately after the appearance of elementary tools among mankind. It lasted until the 18th - early 19th centuries, spanning more than three million years.
- The second stage lasted until the middle of the last century, based on machine labor. It was from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century that the scientific and technological revolution took place.
Forms of STP (Scientific and Technological Progress)
It has a revolutionary and evolutionary form of development. The scientific and technological revolution involves the emergence of new typestechnology, that is, a change in the technological method of production. The industrial revolution of the eighteenth century took as its starting point the invention of the working machine, in which the constituent components were gradually modernized.
How are science and the scientific revolution connected? STP involves evolutionary (qualitative) and revolutionary (essential) changes in objects and means of labor, technologies, that is, the existing system of productive forces.
Despite the fact that the first machines arose on the basis of the accumulation of empirical ideas, from this period technology turns into the result of a purposeful study of physical laws, the materialization of theoretical facts. This is what leads to the transformation of science into a unique productive force.
Scientific and technological progress is turning into a powerful stimulus for the development of science.
Essence of NTP
At the lowest stage of capitalist development, factories became the main form of industry. Instead of manual labor, the activity of machines began to act as a technological mode of production.
The transition to integrated mechanization in production, the improvement of machines - all this became an incentive for the emergence of qualified adjusters, machine operators, workers, specialists who were involved in the development of new equipment.
All this contributed to the growth of the educational level of factory employees, the content of labor.
The scientific revolution is a great way to develop a person, an incentive for employees to improve their knowledge and skills.
BAt the end of the nineteenth century, the first scientific laboratory was created within the American corporation General Electric. Gradually, they became commonplace in large monopoly enterprises.
History of the term
The term "scientific revolution" was introduced by J. Bernal in the work "World without War", which was published in the USSR. After that, more than 150 different definitions of the essence of scientific and technological revolution were created in the works of Russian scientists. Often it is considered a way of transferring human functions to mechanisms, a process of convergence of production and technology, changes in the main productive force.
The scientific revolution is a fundamental change in the interaction of nature and man, in the system of technical, economic and productive forces.
Deep Essence of NTR
Currently, there are serious contradictions between nature and humanity. The scientific revolution is a process that leads to degradation, deformation of the human personality.
The deep essence of scientific and technological revolution is revealed in its transformation into a productive force. Science is a spiritual product of the development of society, the result of the accumulation of knowledge by several generations.
Scientific revolution is associated with mathematization, cybernetization, ecologization, cosmization. Innovative technologies introduced into production allow expanding the boundaries of labor productivity.
The scientific revolution contributes to economic growth, the formation of knowledge-intensive industries, the emergence of a competitivestruggle, the transformation of the results of scientific research into a specific product.
Features of NTR
What are the characteristics of scientific revolutions? Briefly, it can be noted that they contribute to overcoming the limitations of a person's psychophysical capabilities.
Getting a certain impetus from the results of scientific activity, for example, when new properties of certain materials are revealed, innovative structural materials and alternative energy sources appear in technology.
It is technology that stimulates the development of science. The emergence of automata has become a powerful intermediate link between the objects of labor and man. Currently, technology includes the following work options:
- transport;
- technological;
- administrative;
- control;
- energy.
Modern stage
In the middle of the last century, the information revolution began. The material base for it was fiber-optic, space communications. This caused the informatization of labor in various industries and industries.
The starting point of this stage of scientific and technological revolution was the development of microprocesses for integrated circuits. Fifth-generation supercomputers that “understand” human language began to read a variety of characters, and the process of forming “artificial intelligence” has accelerated.
The microprocessor revolution has become the basis for new robots that can perceive information about events using touchsystems to process it. This became a material prerequisite for the full automation of production, the exclusion of the "human factor" in the manufacture of machines. Such transformations make it possible to carry out continuous work, significantly increase labor productivity, and control the quality of products.
Based on cell engineering, new industrial sectors are emerging, the material and energy consumption in the chemical and oil industries, and agriculture are significantly reduced. Innovations touched the food industry, medicine.
Paradigms
The structure of scientific revolutions was described by Kuhn. He gave a special place to the set of methodological guidelines and general ideas that are recognized by the scientific community.
The paradigm is characterized by two parameters:
- is the basis for follow-up;
- has variable questions that open up opportunities for further research.
Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions is a "disciplinary matrix" used for communication between researchers. The paradigm he mentions in his work is a necessary condition for the normal development of science.
Kun singled out three types in it:
- a clan of facts that allow you to reveal the essence of things;
- facts that are not of interest, but allow to explain the paradigm theory;
- empirical activity used in scientific work.
When "normal science" revealsdiscrepancy between the prediction of the paradigm and real observations, anomalies appear. When they accumulate in large quantities, the normal course of science stops, a crisis appears, which can only be resolved by a scientific revolution. It breaks old stereotypes, a new scientific theory is being created.
Biological Revolution
It is associated with the creation of new organisms with certain properties, changes in the hereditary qualities of animals and agricultural plants. New technologies, inventions in genetic engineering, the space industry act as catalysts for this stage of scientific and technological revolution.
Currently it is difficult to imagine life without navigation, accurate meteorology, satellite communications. In outer space, ideal crystals for the semiconductor industry, pure preparations, and biologically active substances were obtained. It is during space research, which is a direct confirmation of the scientific and technological revolution, that the analysis of the effectiveness of energy-saving substances, remote sensing from the Earth's space is being carried out.
Without computer systems such projects are impossible. Thanks to the rapid development of electronic technology, automation of production is observed, powerful industrial-information complexes are being created.
Conclusion
Science is the main driving force for innovation in industry. For example, thanks to the patent case, which has recently been developing quite actively, businesses have the opportunity not only to create innovative programs and equipment, but also to obtain rights totheir inventions.
The complex currently functioning involves the collection, processing, systematization of information, and its provision to the consumer. Many computers are serviced via modern artificial earth satellites.
Thanks to the information revolution, which became one of the stages of scientific and technical progress, the role of man in the creation of spiritual and material resources has radically changed.
What are the consequences of scientific and technological progress for the structure of the world economy? The evolutionary path involves sectoral and territorial specialization of individual countries, an increase in the capacity of equipment and machines, an increase in the carrying capacity of the mechanisms of various vehicles.
The main areas of human activity in such conditions are:
- electronization, which makes it possible to provide all types of human activity by means of computer technology;
- complex automation involving the use of mechanical manipulators, microprocessors, robots.
In the absence of innovation in the scientific field, it is impossible to talk about positive transformations in the political, social, economic, social life of human society.
