In the modern view, science is a very multifaceted phenomenon in accordance with its main characteristics and features. The whole discipline is divided into many branches. Types of science differ from each other depending on which side of reality, the material form they are exploring. Of no small importance is the choice of one or another method of cognition.
The development of science in the vision of modern scientists comes down to several models:
- Formation and development of the discipline through the study by modern scientists of the works of their predecessors.
- Development through the implementation of scientific revolutions. This model assumes a regular change in the prevailing views, the transition from the "calm stage" to the "crisis stage".
- Development of discipline by approaching the cognitive norms of natural science. Within the framework of this model, theoretical schemes and techniques, mainly from the field of physics, act as a standard. This determines the criteria for any knowledge: the possibility of experimental verification, evidence, accuracy.
- Development through the integration of knowledge. In this case, the construction of the system is carried out in accordance with the extraction of elements from different industries using methods and theories from others.spheres of knowledge.
The division into types of sciences is carried out by subject (object), practical use and method.
The first class includes natural, social disciplines, as well as knowledge about thinking.
Types of natural sciences are the simplest section of the first class. The result of natural science knowledge involves the exclusion of everything that was brought by the researcher himself in the process of cognition. In other words, a law of nature or a theory is true if it is objective in content.
Types of sciences, united in the category of social sciences, represent a somewhat more complex and detailed section. In these disciplines, the retention of the subjective moment is carried out not only with the use of a conceptual form, but also with a specific indication of a historical, social subject.
Thinking sciences, along with social sciences, are grouped under the category of the humanities. At the same time, the former have a feature that manifests itself in the fact that the object is something expressed in the individual or social consciousness of a person.
The second class includes sciences that differ in research methods. The choice of this or that technique is carried out in accordance with the nature of the object (object) under study. At the same time, in addition, there is a certain amount of subjectivity in the choice.
The third class includes the types of sciences of an applied, practical, technical nature. In this case, the objective side retainsconditional value, and subjective - increases in determining the practical value of achievements. All branches of this class are based on combination. It involves the interaction of the objective side (natural law) and the subjective moment.
