When we want to characterize a certain action or state of an object in speech, we use a verb. The verb in the sentence describes the action of the object, its being in a certain state, and the like.
In its most general sense, the verb refers to various processes and includes several specific meanings, such as action description (draw), state description (change), process description (flow) and movement description (run).
The verb has fixed and non-permanent grammatical categories. Permanent grammatical features (categories) are actually verbal. These include species, pledge, recurrence and transitivity. They also include, in addition to the categories described, the conjugation of the verb. Its type does not change and is constant. Non-permanent grammatical categories are not present in all forms of verbs. These include tense, number, person, mood, and gender.
In this material, we will take a closer look at what a verb is, the grammatical categories of a verb and the types of verbs.
Mood category
This category indicates the connection between the action of the verb-predicate and reality. Verbs are used in three different mood forms.
The indicative mood indicates the reality of a process or action that has already taken place, is currently ongoing or will take place in the future. Verbs in this mood change by tense (respectively - past, present and future).
The conditional mood is also called the subjunctive. Indicates an unrealistic action that could happen. Actually, the particle “would” is most often indicated. For example, “would live in Moscow”, “would run at the stadium.”
The imperative mood is the most difficult mood, indicating instructions, requests, desires and motivations for action. Such verbs are formed with the help of modified endings for present tense verbs (for imperfective verbs) and future (for perfective verbs). So, imperative verbs in the form of the 2nd person in the singular differ in the ending "-i". For example, "run, hurry."
View Category
View is a category of a verb that expresses the way an action is performed, indicating when and for how long the process takes place. The view is perfect and imperfect. From the name it is clear that perfective verbs show a certain limit of action: either initial or final (but it must be completed or started in a certain period of time). Imperfect verbs show a process without indicating its completion. The aspect and tense of the verb are related. Imperfective verbs are immediately divided into three different forms of time (more on the category of time below): past,present and future. For example, "I'm going", "I was walking", "I'm going to". Perfective verbs have two tenses: future and past.
Time category
Time is a category of a verb that indicates the ratio of the action being performed and the specific moment of speech. From the above material, we understand that there are three categories of time.
- Real - the process passes when it is spoken about.
- Past - the process was completed before it was discussed.
- The future is a process that will begin after the end of the speech process.
Present and future tense forms are not grammatically formalized in any way, while past tense forms are formalized with the suffix "-l-" or a zero suffix. For example, "run away" or "took".
Transitivity category
This category of the verb shows the relationship of the process to a particular object. Depending on whether the verbs have the ability to pass to the object or not, they are divided into two types: transitive verbs and intransitive verbs.
- Transitive verbs show an action that refers to some object. They, in turn, are divided into: verbs of creation (create, solder, sew), verbs of destruction (break, break), verbs of perception (look, feel), verbs of expression of emotions (inspire, attract), as well as verbs of thoughts and sayings (comprehend, explain).
- Intransitive verbs indicate an action that cannot be transferred to a specific object. ATamong them are: verbs showing the process of the existence of a person (to be, to be located), showing the process of movement (to run, fly), showing someone's state (to be sick, angry, sleep), verbs indicating a certain type of activity (teach, cook), indicating the way of performing certain actions (to boast, to be mannered), and finally, verbs indicating visual and auditory perception (shine, call).
Category of collateral
Verb category indicating the relationship between the subject performing the process (action), the process itself and the object in relation to which the process (action) is performed. There are two types of voice: active and passive. Active voice - shows that the subject names the subject, which is directly related to the action or process. In the case of the passive voice, the situation is different. In this case, the subject refers to the object on which this or that action is performed by other objects or people. The passive voice can be expressed using postfixes or special passive forms of the participle.
Category of return
These verbs belong to the category of intransitive verbs. This is a separate form, expressed using the postfix "-sya". Such verbs are divided into separate categories of recurrence. Depending on their meaning, such verbs are divided into the following 4 groups:
- С proper-reflexive - are used when the action of a person is directed at himself. For example,“cleanse, prepare, take offense.”
- Reciprocal - used when describing the actions of two persons directed at each other. Both persons in this case are both subject and object. For example, "to see, communicate."
- Indirectly reflexive - used when an action is performed by a person in their own interests. For example, "to gather (to collect things for oneself), to be determined (to decide something for oneself)". Can be re-arranged into a design using "for myself".
- Generally returnable - used when a certain process is tied to the state of the subject. For example, "to worry, to be surprised, to be angry."
Face Category
This category refers to the relationship between the person doing the process and the person talking about it. There are three faces of verbs in a sentence.
- The first person singular verb is used when the process is done by the speaker.
- The first person plural verb is used when the process is performed by the speaker and someone else.
- Second person singular verbs are used when the process is performed by another subject.
- In the second person plural, used when the process is performed by the interlocutor and someone else.
- Third person singular is used when a process is performed by someone who does not take part in the conversation at all.
- Third person plural is used when a process is performed by someone who is not involved indialogue, and other persons outside of a certain dialogue.
Category of gender and number
The gender category of a verb refers to a noun or a pronoun, namely to their gender. If the person/subject does not have a specific gender form, then the gender of the possible subject is used. For example, “would come tomorrow”, “snow fell”.
The number category shows the number of persons performing the process. For example, “students played”, “student played”. This category applies to all personal verb forms.
