Writing a bright, memorable book is difficult. But some authors know how to win the attention of an impressive readership with their works. What is the secret of their success? Let's try to find out in this article how they achieve universal recognition.
The vernacular
Colloquial vocabulary - words with a rough, stylistically reduced and even vulgar connotation, which are located outside the boundaries of the literary syllable. They are not characteristic of an exemplary, bookish style, but are familiar to various groups of society and are a cultural and social characteristic of those people who do not know the written language. Such words are used in certain types of conversation: in joking or familiar speech, in verbal skirmishes, and the like.
In general, vernacular is called non-literary vocabulary that is used in people's conversations. However, it cannot be rude and have a special expression. into herinclude, for example, such words: “inside”, “plenty”, “free of charge”, “theirs”, “the other day”, “for the time being”, “hardly”, “in bulk”, “get tired”, “rubbish”, “blurt out”,“hard worker”,“balk”,“brainy”.
The marks in the dictionaries, denoting the reduced style of words and their meanings, giving them a minus rating, are countless. Colloquial vocabulary most often contains an evaluative-expressive tone.
You can also find generally accepted sayings in it, differing only in their accentology and phonetics (“snuffbox” instead of “snuffbox”, “serious” instead of “serious”).
Reason for use
Colloquial vocabulary in different types of dialect is used for various reasons: the author's direct relation to what is being described, pragmatic motives (publicistic phrases), expressive themes and shocking (colloquial words), characterological motives (artistic phrases). In official business and scientific conversations, colloquial vocabulary is perceived as a foreign style element.
Indelicate style
Roughly colloquial vocabulary has a weakened, expressive impolite coloring. It consists, for example, of such words: “riff-raff”, “dylda”, “stupid”, “mug”, “pot-bellied”, “trapach”, “muzzle”, “mug”, “bast shoe”, “bitch”, “pierce", "slam", "bastard", "hamlo". Extreme vulgarisms belong to it, that is, obscene expressions (indecent abuse). In this style, you can find words with exceptional colloquial meanings (most often metamorphic) - “whistle” (“steal”), “it cuts like that” (“speaks smartly”), “roll” (“write”),“weave” (“talk nonsense”), “hat” (“blunder”), “vinaigrette” (“mess”).
Casual style
Colloquial vocabulary is one of the basic categories of the writer's vocabulary along with the neutral and book genre. It forms words known mainly in dialogic phrases. This style is focused on informal conversations in an atmosphere of interpersonal communication (relaxed communication and expression of attitudes, thoughts, feelings to the subject of conversation), as well as units of other tiers of the language, acting mainly in colloquial phrases. Therefore, everyday expressions are characterized by expressive subdued coloring.
The conversational genre is divided into two basic layers of different capacity: written vernacular and everyday vocabulary.
Vocabulary
What is colloquial and colloquial vocabulary? Everyday vocabulary consists of words characteristic of oral types of communicative practice. Spoken phrases are heterogeneous. They are located below neutral sayings, but depending on the degree of literaryness, this vocabulary is divided into two significant groups: colloquial and colloquial lexicons.
Everyday vocabulary includes terms that give the conversation a touch of informality, spontaneity (but not rude colloquial words). From the point of view of the attribute of parts of speech, the dialogue vocabulary, like the neutral one, is diverse.
It includes:
- nouns: "wit","big man", "nonsense";
- adjectives: "loose", "disorderly";
- adverbs: "in my own way", "at random";
- interjections: “oh”, “bai”, “lie”.
Everyday vocabulary, despite its dullness, does not go beyond the boundaries of the literary Russian language.
Vocabulary is lower in style than everyday vocabulary, therefore it is placed outside the standardized Russian writer's speech. It is divided into three categories:
- Expressive-rough vocabulary is grammatically shown by adjectives ("drunk", "pot-bellied"), verbs ("to snooze", "smell"), nouns ("dylda", "stupid"), adverbs ("lousy", "foolishly"). These words are heard most often in the conversations of poorly educated individuals, determining their cultural level. Sometimes they are found in the conversations of intelligent people. The expressiveness of these words, their semantic and emotional capacity sometimes allow expressively and briefly to show the attitude (often negative) to any object, phenomenon or person.
- Roughly colloquial lexicon differs from coarsely expressive by a high level of swagger. These are, for example, such words: “khailo”, “mug”, “murlo”, “turnip”, “grunted”, “rylnik”. These sayings are eloquent, they are able to convey the negative attitude of the speaker to any episodes. Due to the excessive savagery, such a vocabulary is unacceptable in the conversations of cultured people.
- Proper vernacular lexicon. It includes a small number of words that are non-literary not because they are clumsy (they are not rude in expressive coloring and meaning) or haveabusive character (they do not have abusive semantics), but because they are not advised to be used by educated people in conversations. These are such words as “ahead of time”, “nowadays”, “tyaty”, “probably”, “spawning”. This type of vocabulary is also called common folk and differs from the dialect only in that it is used both in the city and in the countryside.
Synonyms
Synonyms in vernacular and literary vocabulary very often differ in the degree of expressiveness and expressiveness at the same time:
- head - galangal, head;
- face - image, muzzle;
- legs are oaths.
Often in conversations there are not only synonyms as such, but colloquial variants of literary words, including grammatical ones:
- to her - to her;
- always - always;
- he ate - he ate;
- their - theirs;
- from there - from there, from there;
- goodbye - goodbye.
Creativity of M. Zoshchenko
Many believe that colloquial vocabulary is a means of expressive speech. Indeed, in the hands of a skilled writer, non-literary words can serve not only as a means of psychological description of the characters, but also give rise to a stylistic recognizable specific environment. The prototype for this is the creative work of M. Zoshchenko, who skillfully parodied petty-bourgeois psychology and life, "interspersing" uncomfortable common expressions into the conversations of the characters.
What does the vernacular look like in his books? The examples of M. Zoshchenko's professionalism are impressive. Thisa talented writer wrote the following:
I say:
- Is it time for us to go to the theater? They called, maybe.
And she says:
- No.
And takes the third cake.
I say:
- On an empty stomach - isn't it a lot? Might throw up.
And she:
- No, he says, we are used to it.
And the fourth takes.
Here blood hit my head.
- Lie down, I say, back!
And she got scared. She opened her mouth, and a tooth gleamed in her mouth.
And it's like the reins got under my tail. Anyway, I think, now do not walk with her.
- Lie down, - I say, - to hell! (The story "The Aristocrat")
In this work, the comic effect is achieved not only due to the many common expressions and forms, but also due to the fact that these statements stand out against the background of "exquisite" literary clichés: "eaten cakes" and so on. As a result, a psychological portrait of a poorly educated, narrow-minded person is created, striving to appear intelligent. It is he who is the classic hero of Zoshchenko.
Dialect vocabulary
And what is dialect-colloquial vocabulary? When studying the urban vernacular, many people ask a topical question about its local flavor associated with the influence of dialects: emphasizing limited parameters in accordance with the data of a particular metropolis makes it possible to compare them with materials from other cities, for example, Tambov, Omsk, Voronezh, Elista, Krasnoyarsk and etc.
The conventionality of the border between vernacular and dialect vocabulary is very often explained by the historical connections of folk speech with jargon, genetic reasons, which are sometimes not quite legitimately analyzed as the basic source of enlightenment of this impoverished layer of the national language.
Skill of A. I. Solzhenitsyn
Agree, sometimes the use of colloquial vocabulary gives the work a certain uniqueness. The linguistic and stylistic skill of AI Solzhenitsyn, marked by extraordinary originality, attracts many linguists. And the paradoxical negative attitude of some readers to him obliges to study the language and style of the works of this author. For example, his story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” shows the internal unity and consistent, precise motivation of its figurative and verbal composition, in which, as Leo Tolstoy stated, “a unique order of the only possible words” appears, which is a sign of true artistry.
Important nuance
Dialect vocabulary is very important for Solzhenitsyn. Having “entrusted” the author’s function to the peasant, making him the main character of his story, the writer managed to create an extremely unconventional and expressive dialectal assessment of his expressions, which decisively excluded for all current writing the effectiveness of a return to the hackneyed stock of “folk” speech signs that wander from book to book (like “nadys”, “apostle”, “darling”, “look-squint” and the like).
For the most part, this description of the dialect is not even developedthanks to the vocabulary (“go away”, “frost”, “chalabuda”, “gunny”), and due to word formation: “I will not”, “nedotyka”, “shelter”, “satisfied”, “hurriedly”. This way of attaching dialectisms to the speech art sphere, as a rule, causes an approving assessment from critics, as it revives the familiar associative connections of the image and the word.
Popular speech
And how is colloquial vocabulary used in speech? In the conversations of the modern peasantry, dialectal and common folk vocabulary are practically inseparable from each other. And do such, suppose, words as “shitty”, “self-indulgence”, “spirited”, “caught up”, go back to any particular dialect and are perceived precisely for this reason, or are they used in their general non-literary properties - for the speech assessment of Ivan Denisovich does not matter. The important thing is that with the help of both the first and second, the hero's conversation receives the necessary stylistic and emotional coloring.
We hear rich in humor, lively, free from the standard that has been easily borrowed in various controversial fields lately, insightful folk speech. Solzhenitsyn knows her very well and sensitively picks up new insignificant shades in her.
How else is colloquial vocabulary characterized? Examples of its application are endless. It is interesting that Shukhov used the verb “to insure” in one of the fresh “sports and production” meanings - to ensure the reliability of the action, to protect: “Shukhov … with one hand gratefully, hastily took a half-smoke, and with the second from belowinsured, so as not to drop.”
Or the contracted use of one of the meanings of the verb “consist”, which could appear in folk sayings only at the present time: “Someone brought stencils from the war, and since then it has gone, and more and more dyes are being typed: they don’t belong anywhere, they don’t work anywhere…”.
Knowledge of folk expressions gave Solzhenitsyn both a difficult life experience, and, of course, the active interest of the master, which prompted him not only to consider, but also to specifically study the Russian language.
