A form of organization of the educational process is a program for facilitating learning or acquiring knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, learning, and guided research. Education often takes place under the guidance of teachers, but students can also learn on their own. The process can take place in a formal or informal setting - and either option has a formative effect on how a person thinks, feels, or acts.
The form of organization of the educational process is usually divided into stages such as preschool education, or kindergarten, primary and secondary school, and then college or university.
The right to education has been recognized by some governments and the United Nations. In most regionseducation is compulsory up to a certain age.
Steps
The form of organization of the educational process takes place in a structured area, the purpose of which is to educate students. Typically, the first step takes place in a school environment where there are several children in the classroom along with a trained, certified teacher. Most forms of organization of the educational process are developed on the basis of a set of values or ideals that determine all the options for education in this system. These include curriculum, organizational models, design of physical spaces (such as classrooms), student-teacher interaction, assessment methods, classroom size, educational activities, and more.
Preschool education
Such institutions provide traditional and creative forms of organizing the educational process at the age of three to seven years, depending on the country. Almost everywhere this stage is called kindergarten, with the exception of the United States, where such a term is used to describe the initial levels of education. The first stage provides a child-centered pre-school program that aims to uncover the physical, intellectual and moral nature of a person with a balanced focus on each of them.
Primary education
Primary education consists of the first five to seven years of formal structured learning. As a rule, forms of organization of educational andEducational process at school starts at 5-6 years old, although the age varies between (and sometimes within) countries.
Globally, about 89% of children between the ages of six and twelve are enrolled in primary school, and this proportion is growing. As part of UNESCO's Education for All programmes, most cities have committed to achieving universal primary education.
The division between the various forms of organization of the educational process at school is somewhat arbitrary, but usually the transition from one stage to another occurs at the age of eleven or twelve. Some systems have separate interim periods. At the same time, the transition to the last stage of secondary education occurs at about the age of fourteen. Traditional and creative forms of organization of the educational process, representing the first stage, are mainly called primary classes.
Second Stage
Practically all forms of organizing the educational process of modern educational systems include formal education, which is intended for adolescence. It is characterized by a transition from the typical compulsory comprehensive elementary level for juveniles to optional or higher education (eg university, vocational school, etc.) for adults.
Depending on the system, the education of this period may be called gymnasiums, lyceums, high schools, colleges or vocation altechnical schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The boundary between primary and secondary education also varies by and even within countries, but is usually between the seventh and tenth years of schooling.
Forms and methods of organizing the educational process
Universities often have guest speakers for student audiences, such as various senior politicians giving speeches at Moscow State University.
Higher education is an optional level that follows graduation. It is colleges and universities that mainly represent this stage. Individuals who graduate from higher education usually receive certificates, diplomas or degrees.
This form of organization of the educational process, as a rule, includes work to obtain basic qualifications. In most developed countries, a significant part of the population (up to 50%) receives higher education or already has it. Therefore, the stage is very important for the national economy both as an independent industry and as a source of trained and educated personnel.
University education includes teaching, research and social activities and spans both the undergraduate (sometimes called higher education) and graduate (or postgraduate) levels. Some universities consist of several colleges.
One of the forms of organizing the educational pedagogical process is liberal education.
Next step
Vocational education is one of the main forms of organization of the educational process, which is focused on direct and practical training for a specific speci alty or craft. This stage can take the form of an apprenticeship or internship at various educational institutions. Students can study carpentry, agriculture, engineering, medicine, architecture, art, etc.
Special shape
According to world history, for a long time people with disabilities were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were repeatedly denied education by doctors or special caregivers.
But with the advent of scientists (such as Itard, Séguin, Howe, Gallaudet), the foundation of special education was laid. The educators were focused on individual learning and functional skills. In the early years, special education was only available to people with severe disabilities, but in the last century it has been open to anyone with learning difficulties.
Other educational forms
What is considered " alternative" today has mostly been around since ancient times. After the development of the public school system in the nineteenth century, some parents found reasons to be dissatisfied with the new form. The main organization of the educational process was partially replaced. Alternative parenting developed asreaction to the perceived limitations and disadvantages of traditional education.
Charter schools are another example of alternative parenting. Their number in recent years has greatly increased throughout the world and is becoming increasingly important in the state system.
In time, some of the ideas from these experiments and paradigm challenges may be accepted as the norm in education, much like Friedrich Fröbel's approach to early childhood education. Friedrich included a kindergarten in modern classes. Changes were made in Germany in the 19th century.
Other influential educators and thinkers included the Swiss humanist Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, the American transcendentalists Amos Bronson Olcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, the founders of progressive education and the development of the classroom as a form of organizing the educational process - John Dewey and Francis Parker. As well as educational pioneers such as Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner.
And in recent times, education was developed by John Caldwell Holt, Paul Goodman, Frederick Mayer, George Dennison.
National peculiarities
Indigenous education means incorporating knowledge, models, methods into formal and non-formal educational systems. Often in a post-colonial context, the growing acceptance and use of national learning methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of knowledge and language as a result of colonial processes. In addition, it can enable indigenous communitiespeoples to restore and re-evaluate their arts and cultures - and thereby improve the educational success of students.
Informal learning
This phenomenon is one of three forms of parenting defined by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Informal learning takes place in different places, such as at home, at work, and as a result of daily interactions and common relationships between all people. For many students this includes language acquisition, cultural norms and manners.
In informal learning there is often a reference person, colleague or expert to guide the learner. If pupils have a personal interest in what they are taught in an informal setting, they tend to expand their existing knowledge and develop new ideas on the topic being studied. For example, a museum has traditionally been considered an informal learning environment, as it has room for free choice, a varied and potentially non-standardized range of topics, flexible structures, socially rich interaction, and no externally imposed assessments.
Although non-formal learning often takes place outside educational institutions and does not follow a specific curriculum, it can also occur in educational institutions and even during formal situations. Educators can structure their lessons to directly use their students' non-formal learning skills within education.
At the end of the 19th century, shaping through play began to be seen as an important contribution to a child's development. At the beginning of the 20th centurythe concept has been expanded to include young people, but the focus has been on physical activity.
Also, one of the early proponents of lifelong learning described education through recreation: “The master in the art of living does not make a clear distinction between his work and play, work and leisure, mind and body, education and recreation. He hardly knows what is what. He simply implements his vision of excellence in everything he does and it's hard to tell if he's working or playing. For himself, he always seems to do both. It's enough for him that he does it. Leisure learning is the opportunity to learn throughout life without hindrance. This concept has been revived by the University of Western Ontario for teaching anatomy to medical students.
Self-learning
Autodidactics is a term used to describe autonomous learning. A person can become a participant in such a process at almost any moment of life. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln (U. S. President), Srinivas Ramanujan (mathematician), Michael Faraday (chemist and physicist), Charles Darwin (naturalist), Thomas Alva Edison (inventor), Tadao Ando (architect), George Bernard Shaw (playwright), Frank Zappa (composer, sound engineer, film director) and Leonardo da Vinci (engineer, scientist, artist).
Open education and e-technologies
Many major universities are now starting to offer free or nearly full courses -Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Moscow State University. Other universities offering open education are prestigious private universities such as Stanford, Princeton, Duke, as well as well-known public universities, including Tsinghua (Beijing), Edinburgh and so on.
Open education has been called the biggest change in the way people learn since the invention of the printing press. Despite favorable research on effectiveness, many individuals may still want to choose a traditional university education for social and cultural reasons.
Many open universities are working to be able to offer students standardized testing, traditional degrees and diplomas.
Currently, the standard merit system is not as common in open education as it is on college campuses, although some free universities already offer traditional degrees. Currently, many of the main sources of such education offer their own forms of certificate. Because of their popularity, these new types of academic degrees are gaining more respect and equal value with traditional degrees.
Of 182 colleges surveyed in 2009, nearly half indicated that online course fees were higher than campus fees.
A recent analysis showed that online and blended educational approaches have better results than methods that use only face-to-face communication.
