In addition to common words in Russian, there are words that are used much less frequently. These include various jargon and turns used in professional speech. Professionalisms are words that are used by people of a particular profession, or simply related to a particular specialization. But, unlike terms, they are not accepted as official concepts and are not applicable in scientific activities.
Features of the term
It is worth dwelling in more detail on what professionalisms are in Russian. Often these words are slang expressions. The informal nature of lexemes suggests that they are not used everywhere. Their use may be limited to a narrow circle of people: belonging to the same speci alty, qualifications, working in the same organization. Often the range of concepts becomes wider over time.
Practically people of any profession have their own set of professionalisms. This is due to the need to clearly identify all the processes and phenomena in working life, many of which often have no definition. Such words are formed through associations with everyday concepts. Often fora person who is not versed in the intricacies of a particular profession may experience confusion when meeting words from professional vocabulary. In real life, they can mean completely different objects.
For example, the word "peasants" in legal speech refers to witnesses of a crime, not villagers.
Features and application
Another characteristic feature of professionalism is emotional coloring and expression. Many are used to denote negative working phenomena, errors in production. Their similarity with colloquial expressions is noticeable: in some cases it is almost impossible to distinguish between these concepts. They are always formed in oral speech. In some cases, the word has a terminological analogue, which is not used due to the complexity of pronunciation, the cumbersomeness of the word.
Many examples can be given from the railway professions. Each type of transport here has its own designation, sometimes consisting of abbreviations and numbers. It is quite difficult to use them in speech, so substitute concepts appear in the communication of railway workers.
For example, a tank car with 8 axles is called a "cigar", and a diesel locomotive TU2 is called a "carcass" by the railway workers. There are similar examples in aviation: the AN-14 aircraft was nicknamed the "bee".
Not only technical devices have designations, but also certain professions and positions. Dreziners are called drivers of track cars. Some of the professional wordsare distorted foreign designations: reading the Latin alphabet without observing the rules of pronunciation (for example, "designer" - designer).
Examples from different professions
In some works of fiction, writers also use professionalisms. This is necessary for depicting a certain category of people, conveying emotions and for character dialogues. Many representatives of professions do not even notice how they use the words of this vocabulary in their speech. Teachers, sports coaches, economists and designers have them. In legal and advocacy practice, the phrase “to sew a case” means “investigation with a bias towards prosecution”. Musicians and music teachers have an expression “major mood”, which carries a rather positive connotation. Rich in professionalism and the language of medical workers, where complex names of diagnoses are replaced by ironic, simplified words.
"Betseshnik" is a name for a patient infected with hepatitis B and C, "flicker" is atrial fibrillation. The main purpose of such words in this case is to make the speech shorter and more capacious, and to speed up the process of helping patients.
Speech usage
Professionalisms in the Russian language are little studied, linguistic researchers try to avoid this phenomenon. The appearance of such words is spontaneous, and it is difficult to find certain boundaries for them and give a clear designation. There are some educational publications in which experts try to give a list of professionalisms. Such dictionarieswill help students and pupils in their further work activities: quickly get up to speed and understand colleagues, not experience difficulties in verbal communication with narrow specialists.
Problems of professionalism
One of the problems is the misunderstanding of professionalism by people who do not belong to a particular type of profession. Many of these expressions are not found in dictionaries. And those that are found in dictionary and terminological publications are hardly distinguished from the terms themselves and vernacular. The inability to find a precise definition of professionalism can cause confusion even among the representatives of the professions themselves. And because of this - errors in work, failures. Information barriers arise when employees and qualified specialists communicate with their management. It is more common for employees to use special expressions in their speech, but their meaning is unfamiliar to many managers. As a result, some isolation of groups of workers at different levels appears, conflicts may arise.
