Sentence is one of the basic concepts of the Russian language, it is studied by syntax. It is no secret that people communicate with each other with these units. Logically complete sentences are the basis of oral and written speech. There are a lot of varieties of this syntactic unit; detailed constructions give special dynamism and at the same time richness to the narrative. The task to compose a sentence consisting of several parts is not uncommon in oral and written exams. The main thing in this matter is to know the types of complex sentences and punctuation marks in them.
Complex sentence: definition and types
A sentence - as the main structural unit of human speech - has a number of specific features by which it can be distinguished from a phrase or just a set of words. Every sentence contains a statement. It can be a factual statement, a question, or a call to action. The sentence must have a grammatical basis. These lexical units are always intonation complete.
Offers are divided into two largegroups: simple and complex. This gradation is based on the number of predicative bases. For example:
- It snowed in the morning. The sentence is simple with one grammatical basis: snow (subject) fell (predicate).
- Snow fell in the morning, and the whole earth seemed to be covered with a fluffy blanket. In this example, we observe a complex sentence. The first grammatical basis is snow (subject), fell out (predicate); the second is the earth (subject), covered (predicate).
Types of a complex sentence are distinguished depending on how the simple sentences that make up it are combined. They can be compound, compound or non-union. Let's analyze these types of complex sentences with examples.
Compound sentence
Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect parts of a compound sentence. It is worth noting that the parts in such a sentence are equal: no question is asked from one to the other.
Examples
The clock struck three in the morning, but the household did not sleep. This is a compound sentence, its parts are connected by a coordinating union "but" and with the help of intonation. Grammatical bases: the clock (subject) struck (predicate); the second - the household (subject) did not sleep (predicate).
The night was coming on and the stars were getting brighter. There are two grammatical bases here: the night (subject) was approaching (predicate); the second - the stars (subject), became brighter (predicate). Simple sentences are connected with the help of a coordinating union and, as well as intonation.
Conjunctions in compound sentences
Becauseto connect sentences within a compound compound, coordinating conjunctions are used, these syntactic units will be divided into:
1. Sentences with connecting unions (and, yes, yes and, a (and), too, also). As a rule, these unions are used to denote events in time (simultaneity or sequence). Often they have circumstances indicating the time. For example:
The cloud grew as large as the sky, and a few minutes later it began to pour rain. A connecting union and is strengthened by the circumstance of time (in a few minutes).
2. Proposals with opposing conjunctions (a, but, yes, but, etc.). In them, two events are opposed to one another. For example:
This year we didn't go to the sea, but the parents were happy with the help in the garden.
In addition, in such sentences, the particle can take over the function of the adversative conjunction.
For example: We managed to jump into the last car, while Andrey remained on the platform.
3. Proposals with divisive unions (or, or, so-and-so, etc.) show that one of the listed events or phenomena is possible. For example:
Either the magpie chirps, or the grasshoppers click.
Punctuation marks in compound sentences
The punctuation rule in a compound sentence is as follows: a comma is placed between simple sentences. For example:
The leaves on the trees barely hold, and gusts of wind blow them away, laying them in a carpet. The grammatical foundations of a complex sentence are as follows: leaflets(subject) hold (predicate); impulses (subject) carry away (predicate).
This rule has one nuance: when both parts refer to a common member (addition or circumstance) - a comma is not needed. For example:
In the summer, people need movement and do not need blues. The circumstance at the time refers both to the first part with the grammatical basis need (predicate) movement (subject), and to the second, the basis of which is the blues (subject) is not needed (predicate).
The earth was covered with a snow-white blanket of snow and dried frost. Here, both parts have a common addition - the earth. The grammatical bases are as follows: first - snow (subject) enveloped (predicate); the second - frost (subject) dried (predicate).
It is also difficult to distinguish compound sentences from simple ones with homogeneous predicates. To determine which sentences are complex, it is enough to highlight the predicative stem (or stems). Let's look at two examples:
- It was a sunny winter day, and red rowan berries were seen in places in the forest. This sentence is complex. Let's prove it: two grammatical bases are traced: the day (subject) stood (predicate), the second - berries (subject) were seen (predicate).
- Red rowan berries could be seen in the forest and shone in bright clusters in the sun. This sentence is simple, it is only complicated by homogeneous predicates. Let's take a look at the grammar. The subject - berries, homogeneous predicates - could be seen, shone; no comma required.
Complex subordinatesentence: definition and structure
Another complex sentence with an allied connection is a complex one. Such sentences consist of unequal parts: the main simple sentence and one or more subordinate clauses attached to it. The latter answer questions from the main and secondary members of the main sentence, they include a subordinating conjunction. The parts are connected to each other with the help of subordinating unions. Structurally subordinate clauses are possible at the beginning, middle or end of the main clause. Let's look at examples:
We'll go for a walk when it stops raining heavily. This proposal is complex. The main part has a grammatical basis: we (subject) will go for a walk (predicate); the grammatical basis of the subordinate clause is the rain (subject) will stop coming. Here the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.
To be able to express yourself eloquently, you need to read a lot of literature. This complex sentence has a main part and a subordinate part. The basis of the main one is to read (predicate); the basis of the subordinate clause - you (subject) could speak (predicate). In this complex sentence, the subordinate clause comes before the main clause.
We were surprised when we were announced the results of the exam, and anxious about the upcoming tests. In this example, the subordinate clause "breaks" the main clause. Grammatical bases: we (subject) were surprised, alarmed (predicate) - in the main part; announced (predicate) - in the subordinate part.
Subordinating conjunctions and allied words: how to distinguish?
Notunions are always used to connect simple sentences as part of a complex one, sometimes their role is played by the so-called allied words - homonymous pronouns. The main difference is that conjunctions are used solely to connect parts of a sentence to each other, they are not members of a sentence.
Allied words are another matter.
Their role is played by relative pronouns, respectively, such lexical units will be members of the sentence.
Here are signs by which subordinating conjunctions can be distinguished from allied words:
- Most often, the union in a sentence can be omitted without losing its meaning. Mom said it's time to go to bed. Let's change the sentence by omitting the union: Mom said: "It's time to go to bed."
- Union can always be replaced by another union. For example: When (If) you read a lot, your memory gets better. The allied word is replaced only by another allied word, or by a word from the main sentence, from which we ask a question to the subordinate clause. Let us remember the years that (that) we spent in Naples. A union word that can be replaced by the addition of years from the main sentence (Remember the years: we spent those years in Naples).
Related clause
Related clauses can be attached to the main clause in different ways, it depends on which part of the main clause they explain. They can refer to a single word, a phrase, or the entire main clause.
To understand what type of connection in a particular case -it is necessary to ask a question and analyze from which part of the main sentence it is put.
There are several types of subordinate clauses: their distinction depends on the meaning and the question that we ask from the main part to the secondary. Subject, predicate, attributive, complementary or adverbial - there are such subordinate clauses.
Besides, lexically, a subordinate clause can have several meanings (be polysemantic). For example: It's great when you can just walk down the street without thinking about anything. The meaning of the subordinate clause is both the condition and the time.
Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
The following types of complex sentences with subordinating relationship and several subordinate clauses are distinguished: with homogeneous, heterogeneous and sequential subordination. The distinction depends on how the question is asked.
- With homogeneous subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to the same word from the main one. For example: I want to tell you that good conquers evil, that there are princes and princesses, that magic surrounds us everywhere. All three subordinate clauses explain one word from the main one - tell.
- Heterogeneous (parallel) submission takes place if the subordinate clauses answer different questions. For example: When we go camping, friends will help each other, although it will not be easy for them themselves. Here two subordinate clauses answer the questions when? (first), and no matter what?(second).
- Sequential submission. The question in such sentences is asked in a chain, from one sentence to another. For example: Only he will see the beauty of the soul, who does not look at appearance, knows that the price of words and deeds is very high. The main clause is joined by subordinate clauses: we ask the first question who?, to the second - what?
Punctuation in a complex sentence
Parts of a complex sentence are separated from each other by a comma. It is placed before the union. Polynomial complex sentences with a subordinate relationship may not have a comma. This happens if homogeneous subordinate clauses are used, connected by non-repeating unions and, or. For example:
I said that today is a beautiful day and that the sun has long since risen. Here are homogeneous subordinate clauses with the basics day (subject) beautiful (predicate), the sun (subject) has risen (predicate). No comma is required between them.
Union-free proposal
In the Russian language, there are such sentences where the connection between the parts occurs only with the help of intonation and semantic connections. Such proposals are called non-union. It rained and the last leaves fell from the trees. This complex non-union sentence has two parts with grammatical foundations: the first one has rain (subject) passed (predicate); the second has fallen (predicate) leaves (subject).
In addition to intonation and meaning, the connection between parts is carried out by their order and types of time characteristicsverbs-predicates and their mood. Here two subordinate clauses answer the questions when? (first), and no matter what? (second).
Types of non-union proposals
Union-free proposals are of two types: homogeneous and heterogeneous composition.
The first ones are those where the predicates, as a rule, have the same form; their meaning is a comparison, opposition or sequence of actions. In structure, they resemble compound ones, it’s just that the union is omitted from homogeneous homogeneous ones. For example:
Autumn has begun, the sky is covered with lead clouds. Compare: Autumn has begun, and the sky is covered with lead clouds.
Unionless with a heterogeneous composition gravitate more towards complex subordinates. As a rule, such polynomial complex sentences have one part, which contains the main meaning of the statement. For example:
I love winter: nature dresses beautifully, magical holidays are coming, it's time to get skis and skates. In the presence of an allied connection and equality of parts, the main meaning is still contained in the first one, and the subsequent ones reveal it.
Punctuation in non-union sentence
Unionless connection suggests that the signs in a complex sentence of this kind will be variable. The placement of a comma, colon, semicolon, or dash will depend on the meaning. For clarity, here is a table:
| Punctuation | Semantic load | Check method | Examples |
| Comma | Designactions occurring simultaneously or sequentially | Meaningful | Grandma sets the table, mom cooks dinner, and dad and kids clean up the apartment. |
| Dash | Opposition | Opposing conjunctions (a, but) | I endure - she is indignant. |
| The first sentence specifies a condition or a time period | Conjunctions when or if | If you read a lot, fresh thoughts will appear. | |
| The second sentence contains a consequence of the first one | Union so | Opened the doors - fresh air filled the whole room. | |
| Colon | The second sentence contains a reason | Union because | I love white nights: you can walk until you drop. |
| Second sentence - clarification of the first | Union namely | Everyone was ready for the parent's day: the children learned poems, counselors made reports, the staff did a general cleaning. | |
| The second sentence is an addition to the first | Union what | I'm sure you will never betray me. |
When one of the parts is complicated by any constructions, we use a semicolon. For example:
Singing a song, Marat walked through the puddles; nearchildren ran, joyful and cheerful. Here the first part is complicated by a separate circumstance, and the second part by a separate definition.
Composing a sentence with an allied connection is simple: the main thing is to focus on the meaning.
Complex sentences with different types of connection and punctuation in them
Often the types of a complex sentence are concentrated in one syntactic construction, that is, there is both an allied and an allied connection between different parts. These are complex sentences with different types of connection.
Let's look at examples.
Although he was still dozing, but there was a flurry of activity around the household: they darted from room to room, talking, scolding. The first part is a subordinating relationship, the second is a coordinating one, the third is an unionless one.
I know a simple truth: you will stop fighting when everyone learns to listen and understand. The connection of the first and second parts is unionless, then - subordinating.
As a rule, such sentences are two blocks, which are connected by coordinating conjunctions or completely unionless. Each block can contain several simple sentences with a subordinating or coordinating link.
