Wood products are an integral part of everyday life. From this material, both overall buildings and small parts, things, etc. are created. It is often necessary to combine different parts in order to obtain a product of the required configuration. To do this, use the appropriate carpentry connections. They can be very different. Types of connections in carpentry, their choice and features of creation will be discussed below.
Features of connections, materials used
What carpentry connections do you know? An experienced master will be able to name several dozen of them. The fact is that there are no universal connections. In each case, you need to choose the most suitable option.
In construction, the furniture industry, and in the production of natural wood products, it is often necessary to connect a variety of parts. They can be permanently connectedbut there are collapsible connections. In the first case, fastening is carried out using glue, nails, screws, staples or other additional means. It is impossible to disassemble such a connection during operation. One-piece types of joints are used in carpentry much more often.
However, in the production of, for example, folding furniture or transforming models, it is sometimes necessary to create collapsible connections. In this case, glue or other fixing elements are not used.
Wood joinery involves combining some details in a certain way. They can be bars, boards, shields, etc. These are the primary elements of the product. Parts can consist of one piece, two or more elements that are previously glued together. In some cases, parts are made by veneering.
After connecting two or more parts, a knot is obtained. It can be a shield, a box, a frame, and so on. With the help of existing connections, a finished product or part of it (unit, plant, etc.) is obtained.
When choosing a connection, it should be taken into account that the finished product must be durable, strong, functional, aesthetic. Therefore, the master must not only have theoretical knowledge about the correct choice of the type of joint, but also be able to handle the appropriate tool. Only in this case, he will be able to create a connection that meets all modern requirements and standards.
Varieties
There are different types of joinery.
Theyregulated by GOST 9330-60 and may belong to one of the groups specified in the standard. Connections can be as follows:
- By length. This allows you to combine parts that are adjacent to each other ends. This category includes splicing and building. One of the most commonly used options is a spike type connection. There are several types of such combinations. What carpentry joints do you know? Each carpenter has his own experience in applying these joints.
- On the edge. This type of combination is called fusion. It is applied to two or more blanks in order to obtain a wide part.
- Angled terminals. The principle is similar to joiner's tenon joints. But in this case, the details converge at a certain angle. This technique is used during the creation of furniture.
- Angular medians. When creating such a connection, one part adjoins the other either with its end, or crosses it completely at a certain angle. In the first case, the connection is called an abutment, and in the second, an intersection. This technique is mainly used to create shields.
- Box knit. It is applied to connections of wide elements. Most often, such joints are made when assembling boxes, boxes. This type of connection can also be end or middle.
The docking method is selected in accordance with the purpose of the product.
Splicing and extensions
In the lessons about carpentry tenon joints, much attention is paid to this particular type of docking. They have a lot in common. Splicing is a connection of two parts located horizontally along the length. Extension allows you to increase the length of parts that are vertical to each other. This, for example, can be a cost bar.
Splicing and extension is one of the main types of joints in carpentry. They are used to obtain long bars, pillars. Usually long parts are not cut from one board. This technique is used in the construction process. Also, during the repair of joinery, building or splicing may be required.
Using the presented technique, stair railings, building strapping beams, skirting boards and other similar products are obtained.
More often, hardwood is used to create long parts. Small bars are cut from it, which are glued in width and length. The process of creating such blanks involves the use of even business waste from the woodworking industry.
Joinery joints of parts of the presented type are also used to create door panels, window frames. In this case, coniferous wood is more often used. Modern adhesives are highly durable. With their help, it is possible to create an almost imperceptible seam.
There are several basic ways to build and splice:
- Back-to-back. In this case, the elements are connected at the ends. They are cut flat at a right or other angle.
- Half-tree overlay. In this case, the part most often has a square or rectangular cross section.
- Thorns. This is a special ledge of the corresponding form. The second part has a recess, which corresponds in its configuration to the protrusion. The joiner joint can be round, flat, or oblique (for example, a dovetail (trapezoid) joint, which is often used during construction work).
- Wedge lock.
Varieties of splicing and extension
There are many varieties of connections of the presented type. The most common way is wedge-type carpentry spiked joints. In this case, a large bonding area is formed. This ensures tight compression. A spiked connection is characterized by ease of marking and creation. In this case, wood processing can be performed using a machine.
What carpentry joints do you know? There are many varieties of them. When splicing with one butt, you can create different parts that are not affected by significant loads, for example, plinth, panel strapping. In this case, make an oblique cut at an angle of 45º. At the same time, a miter box is used to achieve the accuracy of the cut.
If the part will be under load, cutting should be sharper. It is called a slanting mustache. In this case, a wide spike runs along the entire length. This allows you to create a strong connection. It is used even for curved parts in bends.
If on detailstransverse compression acts, a straight overhead cut is made in half a tree. Often the overlay is additionally fixed with the help of two dowels. To prevent the lining from shifting, the ends are cut at an angle. The combination of parts is stronger with the help of a straight spike with shoulders.
If the parts are under tension, they are spliced with a dovetail spike. But for such details, support from below is needed.
If the parts are almost flat, you can make a double dovetail spike. But this is a rather complicated technique, so it is used quite rarely.
If the parts have a bottom support, they also experience top pressure and tension. In this case, a double dovetail connection would be the best option.
Which carpentry joints would be acceptable if the parts are supported at the bottom and experience forces that move them in opposite directions? Often in such cases splicing with a round spike is used.
Rallying
Considering the carpentry connections of wood parts, it is worth noting such a variety as rallying. It is used for joining narrow parts. This allows you to get a workpiece of greater width. In rare cases, this technique is used to increase the thickness.
Front sides are veneered. They are pasted over with wood, which belongs to the category of valuable species. Rallying involves the following types of connections:
- Into a smooth puffer. In this case, an adhesive composition is used. The edges of the parts are firmly jointed to each otherfriend. Then they are glued. Next, the workpiece is placed in special equipment. These can be presses, workbenches or clamps. In this case, screws, wedges and other clamps are often used. The adhesive composition dries under pressure. It is extruded along the joint line.
- Dowels and spikes. Holes or nests are made in the edges of high-quality jointed parts. Rectangular spikes or round protrusions (dowels) are inserted into them. In this case, the spikes should have a thickness of no more than 1/3 of the thickness of the parts.
- Into the sheet pile. In one of the edges, a groove is selected in the middle. This is a tongue, which should be no more than 1/3 of the thickness of the part. A comb is made in the opposite edge, the configuration of which corresponds to the groove. Such connections can be rectangular or trapezoidal.
- A quarter. In the edges, material is selected up to half the thickness of the workpiece. The same size make longitudinal recesses. They are called quarters.
- On the rail. It differs from the joint in the sheet pile by the shape of the grooves. They additionally choose a rail.
- On dowels. Choose in the form of tapering upwards and along the length of the grooves. They have a trapezoidal shape and a depth of 1/3 of the thickness of the part. Dowels are driven into the grooves, which have a beveled edge. It corresponds to the type of groove. This connection prevents the shields from warping.
- Into the tip. A bar is glued on the end edge of the shield. In this case, the shape of the tongue-ridge can be rectangular, triangular or other profile. This connection is used for ends that are difficult to finish.
Corner joints
There are many othertypes of joinery joints. Corner joints are allocated in a separate group.
Knitting in this case occurs at a certain angle. Such connections are divided into box and frame types. The most commonly used joints of the presented type are:
- Inlay. This is a simple, but less reliable type of part alignment. At the end, material is selected up to half the thickness of the workpiece.
- Frame straight spike. This is the main type of corner joints. The spike enters the socket. It can be single, double or triple. The choice is made depending on the requirements for the strength of the part. The nest can be open on one side. It's called deaf. If the nest is open on both sides, it is called through. There are holes open on three sides. They are called the eye, which is located at the end. The nest can also be in the middle part.
- Slanting dovetail spike. This is a strong connection that is preferred over a straight spike. The joint of this configuration is not sawn in a parallel direction relative to the edges. The base of the spike should be 1/3 of the thickness of the bar. Its end should be 3/5.
- On dowels. This is knitting on dowels or round plug-in dowels. The connection turns out to be less durable than a spiked one, but at the same time it is more economical. In this case, no allowance is required.
- On the mustache. The ends are cut at an angle. This joint is used both for bars of the same and different widths. The angle of inclination of the cut may be different.
Connection
Join joining can be done by joining. This is a type of gusset.
In this case, the end of one bar is adjacent to the middle of another part. Such a connection is made half a tree (overlay). The spike can be oblique or straight, semi-hidden or through. In some cases, the connection is made on dowels.
Box Connections
Box carpentry joints are categorized as corner joints. They are widely used in the manufacture of furniture and joinery. Such connections can be made with straight or oblique spikes. Their number depends on the width and thickness of the parts (shields). A spike is made at both ends of the parts to be joined. The part that has an eyelet on the edge has one more protrusion.
Box-type connections can be deaf, through, with a clean mustache or semi-hidden. The choice depends on the area of application of the products. Through joints are used for parts that are located inside the workpiece, as well as on the front sides, if it is planned to subsequently cover the surfaces with plywood.
If the part is open only on one side, the workpieces are connected half-hidden. If they are open on all sides, the flush technique is applied. Insert spikes may be used. But this type of joints is the least durable.
Box junctions are created using straight through spikes, grooves with a ridge. They can be rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal. Grooves are used if from the outer edgeprotruding ends are undesirable.
Application of glue
Join joining is often done using glue. This is a common technique that is used in the manufacture of furniture and other products. If you connect wood with glue only, you get a completely strong joint. Modern compositions have high strength after solidification. This result can only be achieved if the parts have been correctly fitted and connected correctly.
This method is used not only for shield connection to a smooth fugue. The technique allows you to stick plywood on the frame, perform cladding. Also, when gluing several thin blanks, a thick part is obtained.
Veneering
Plain wood is pasted over with boards, which is called cladding. Veneering is pasting with sheets of precious wood. In this case, a special type of adhesive connection is used. This technique allows not only to improve the appearance of the product, but also to make the surface more durable.
Plywood can be sawn, peeled or cut (planed). This procedure is carried out on one or two sides. In the second case, the strength of the product is significantly increased. Plywood can be glued in one or more layers.
If one-sided veneering is used, the sheet is glued with fibers parallel to the direction of the fibers of the base. When double-sided, they must be positioned mutually perpendicular.
Due to shrinkage or drying of the glue and warping of the plywood, it may be deformed andbase. For this reason, concavity is formed. Such a deformation will be the greater, the smaller the ratio of the thickness of the shield to its width. If the bar is well dried, its thickness will not be less than half the width, then warping is not observed.
