In Russian, such a phenomenon as alternation in the main morpheme is often encountered. This article will focus on the alternation in the root of "e" and "and". Let's analyze the rule and features, give examples and exceptions.
Roots with alternation. What is this?
When changing the form of lexical units within the main morpheme, both consonants and vowels can often change. So, for example, run - run, say - I will say. Here we observe the alternation of consonants. The following examples: freeze - freeze, position - position. These words are distinguished by the alternation of vowels. This phenomenon is due to the following reasons: is the root stressed or unstressed, is there a suffix, what is the meaning of the main morpheme, etc.
Alternating in the root "e" and "and". Rule
In a number of main morphemes, both "e" and "and" are used in an unstressed position. This means that in lexical units there is an alternation in the root "e" and "and". What does it depend on? The spelling of a particular letter is affected by the presence of an “a” (suffix) behind the main morpheme. So, if the suffix is present, then inthe root is written with the vowel "and". If it is absent, then it should be written "e". Let's study a few examples in detail.
"Wipe up". When parsing by composition, we highlight the root "tire". It is followed by the suffix "a". Thus, in the main morpheme it is required to write "and" ("dir"). Second example: wipe. The main morpheme is "ter", followed by the suffix "e" (not "a"). Therefore, at the root it is necessary to write "e" (ter).
Let's consider another pair of "steles" / "steels". As examples, we use the words "spread" and "spread". In the first variant, it is necessary to write “e”, because there is no “a” (suffix) in the lexical unit, in the second case - “i”, since “a” is present.
Alternating "e" / "and" in the root of the word. Examples
Lexical units with the above basic morphemes are common. In speech, you can often find roots with alternating "e" / "and". Examples of such lexical units are given below.
Basic morphemes "ber" / "bir"
Choose, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, litigate, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, mess etc.
Basic morphemes "mer" / "world"
Fade, dying, dying, dying, dying, dying, dying, dying, dying, etc.
Basic morphemes "ter" / "tyr"
Wipe, rub, wipe, rub, wash, wash,overwash, rubbing, rubbing, wipe, wiped, erase, get confused, rub off, rub, get lost, etc.
Basic morphemes "der" / "dir"
Rip off, rip off, rip off, bully, rip off, rip off, rip off, rip off, rip off, rip off, etc.
Basic morphemes "per" / "feast"
Lock up, prop up, push in, unlock, deny, lock up, lock up, prop up, etc.
Basic morphemes "chet" / "chit"
Count, read out, count, reprimand, counting rhyme, deductions, etc. The following words are exceptions: combine, couple, combination.
Basic morphemes "zheg" / "zhig"
Fire, kindle, lighter, ignition, cauterize, burn, firestarter, burn, burn, scorched, etc.
Basic morphemes "stele" / "steel"
To spread, to lay, to re-lay, to re-lay, to lay, to spread, to spread, creeping, bedding, etc.
Basic morphemes "glitter" / "glitter"
Shine, shine, shine, shine, shine, shine, shine, shine, shine, shine, etc.
Basic morphemes "lep" / "lip"
Stick, stick, stick, stick, stick, stick, stick, stick, stick, stick, cling, sculpt, stick, stick, stick, stucco, etc.
Notes
The alternation in the root "e" and "and" has a number of features. Below we will analyze each of them.
After hissing consonants and soft in stressed position, not only "e" can be used,but also "e". Depends on the sound that appears during pronunciation. It can be either the sound “e” (the letter “e” corresponds to it), or the sound “o” (the letter “e” corresponds to it). Let's give some examples. Rub - grater, count - count, shine - sparkle, shine - shine, etc.
The above roots are characterized by such a phenomenon as a fluent vowel. What exactly does this mean? The fact that in some forms, a vowel falls out of the root of the word. Let's look at examples that this rule applies to.
Clean up - clean up - clean up, etc.
Tear apart - tear apart - tear apart, etc.
Burn out - burn out - burn out, etc.
Die - die - die, etc.
Prop up - prop up - prop up, etc.
Re-lay - re-lay - re-lay, etc.
Wipe - wipe - wipe, etc.
Recalculate - deduction - deduction, etc.
Thus, we see that both the vowel "i" and "e" are missing in the last examples. They are runaways.
Speech usage
Let's consider how to use lexical units with alternating "e" and "and" in the root in speech.
- Servants come to their house to clean up.
- The child himself made the bed in the morning.
- The girl was frightened by a loud sound and froze in place.
- After eating, wipe the crumbs off the table.
- This morning the snow was very bright in the sun.
Try to continue this row yourself.
Now you know the rules and featuresusing roots with alternating "e" / "and" and you can easily use them in speech and writing.
