History 2025, January

The history of the Russian Navy has more than three centuries. During this time, hundreds of prominent commanders were awarded the rank of admiral. Some of them played a significant role in the fate of not only the fleet, but the whole country. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

In this review, we will consider the biography of the famous Swedish King Charles 12. Particular emphasis will be placed on his military campaigns. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Persian campaign 1722-1723 was committed in the southeastern parts of Transcaucasia and in Dagestan. His goal was to restore the trade route from India and Central Asia to Europe. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The life story of Peter the Great's wife Evdokia Lopukhina is of great interest to history buffs due to its mystery, ambiguity and tragedy. She was the first and not too beloved wife of Peter l and the last Russian queen, while all subsequent spouses of Russian emperors were foreigners. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

In the vague and often difficult history of our country, there are names of people who, by chance, entered the books that tell about the development of Russia. Most often this happened with those individuals who, by the fact of their birth, belonged to the royal family. This can be said about the princess, whose name Ekaterina Ioannovna Romanova is not enough, which speaks to the modern layman. Meanwhile, such a princess lived in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The aggressive policy of France in the late 18th - early 19th centuries laid the foundation for numerous French coalitions, including states that were in direct danger from the French interventionists. In most cases, Russia took part in anti-French coalitions, but the degree of activity of the Russian Empire as part of such an alliance was different each time. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Battle of the Nations near Leipzig is one of the main battles of the Napoleonic Wars. It took place in Saxony on October 4-7, 1813. The rivals in the battle were the troops of Napoleon and the army of the Sixth Anti-French Coalition. The article tells about the course of the battle and its consequences. In addition, it is said why the battle of Leipzig is called the "battle of the peoples". Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Mikhail Nikolaevich Tikhomirov - the greatest Soviet historian. Early years: family and education of the future scientist. Pedagogical activity and first researches. Scientific activity of a scientist. Development of problems of source study. The contribution of Mikhail Nikolaevich Tikhomirov to science. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The article reveals the concept of feudal fragmentation, as well as its causes. The features of the crushing of Kievan Rus in the XII-XVI centuries are characterized. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The article tells about the princes of Vladimir who were at the head of the Old Russian state in a period that spanned almost a century and a half from the middle of the 12th to the end of the 13th centuries. A brief overview of their most prominent representatives is given. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

This review is dedicated to the biography and deeds of Prince Mstislav Mstislavovich Udaly. Both the personal characteristics of this figure from the times of civil strife in Russia and the political events of that time were studied. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Kipchak Khanate existed in the XI - XIII centuries. The Kypchaks or Polovtsy were formidable nomads who disturbed many sedentary neighbors. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The article is devoted to a brief review of the feudal war in Russia in the second quarter of the 15th century. The paper describes the main stages of civil strife and its results. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

In modern Poland, its citizens are equal in rights and have no class differences. However, every Pole knows well the meaning of the word "gentry". This privileged estate existed in the state for almost a thousand years, from the 11th century to the beginning of the 20th, when all privileges were abolished in 1921. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

It is impossible to remember and list all the insignia, among which were not so much orders as medals and badges - there are thousands of them. Most appeared after memorable events of a political or military nature. If we talk about the progenitor of the imperial award collection, then with the light hand of Peter, many eventful medals were established. From them you can learn the history of the Russian state. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Franz Joseph became Emperor of Austria in 1848, when revolutionary events forced his father and uncle to abdicate. The reign of this monarch is a whole era in the life of the peoples of Central Europe, which were part of the multinational Austro-Hungarian Empire. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Great Northern War was fought between Sweden and a coalition of northern states. It lasted more than twenty years, from 1700 to 1721, and ended with the defeat of Sweden. The main role in the victory belongs to Russia. This provided her with a leading military position among European states. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Eastern Roman Empire was for a long time the last stronghold of Roman classical legislation, preserving its traditions and basic provisions. The reign of Justinian showed the weakness and some moral obsolescence of the canonical legal norms used at that time. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The material tells about the childhood years and the beginning of the career of the most famous fighter in the history of boxing competitions. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

In the entire history of the formation of the Kazakh state, the people have experienced many events, among which a special place is occupied by the anti-colonial liberation movement led by Syrym Datov. It gave a significant impetus to the further development of the khanate and showed that ordinary people would not put up with years of infringement and robbery by the khan and tsarism. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Swedish plans were to fortify on the banks of the Neva. Jacob de Lagardie, commander-in-chief of the Swedish army, proposed to the crown to build a fortress to protect the already conquered territories. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Politician and writer August Bebel was born on February 22, 1840 in the German city of Cologne. He was the son of a poor non-commissioned officer. His father died of tuberculosis when the boy was still very young. The widowed mother moved with the child to the Hessian city of Wetzlar. There August Bebel went to school. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Healer, fortuneteller, founder of the Academy of Alternative Sciences, creator of unique medical equipment, artist, poetess - Evgenia Yuvashevna Davitashvili, known to the whole world as Juna. All my life, helping people and saving them, I never found happiness in my personal life. Juna's only joy was her only son Vakhtang Davitashvili. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Afanasiev Sergey Alexandrovich headed this ministry in a very difficult time. The tension in relations with the United States of America, which was 10 times superior to the USSR in nuclear missile forces, was very high. The beginning of the third world war was quite probable. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The ancient Slavic word "sagittarius" denoted an archer, who was the main component of medieval troops. Later in Russia they began to call representatives of the first regular army that way. The Streltsy army replaced the pishchalnik militias. Boyar children commanded "orders". Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The battleship "Gneisenau" was the pride of the fleet of the Third Reich. This ship was distinguished by its amazing characteristics for its time. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The vocation of Prince Vladislav was very official. A special letter was sent to him and his father. It outlined the basic conditions for his election as king of Russia. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

62nd Army - operationally created formation of the Red Army, which took part in the Great Patriotic War. It existed for a very short time - from July 1942 to April 1943, but in this short period it managed to enter national history, distinguished by the heroic defense of Stalingrad. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Andrey Ivanovich Popov - Hero of the Soviet Union, military pilot, famous for his undeniable courage and willpower. He was not afraid of enemies, battles, or fatal situations, he always emerged victorious from the most difficult situations that might seem insoluble to others. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

In the XV - XVI centuries. the boyar duma was heterogeneous, especially under Ivan the Terrible: it included directly the boyars and people from the middle boyar families, okolnichy. The most important state posts were still occupied by the boyars: they were appointed governors, ambassadors, governors. Okolniki were appointed to help them. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The article tells about St. Andrew (Oslyab) - a warrior-monk - and his brother Alexander (Peresvet), sent by St. Sergius of Radonezh to the army of Prince Dmitry Donskoy to participate in the Battle of Kulikovo. A brief outline of the information that has been preserved about them is given. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Trotskyism is a theory that is a development of Marxism based on the views expressed by Leon Trotsky and other leaders of the left opposition in the 1920s and 1930s, as well as representatives of the International Left Opposition and the Fourth International. Also used as a self-name: Bolshevik-Leninists, revolutionary Marxists. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Olmecs is the name of a tribe mentioned in the historical chronicles of the Aztecs. This name is rather arbitrary, it is given by one of the relatively small tribes that lived in the current territory of Mexico. It should be noted that the culture of the Olmecs and the level of their development were at a fairly high level. This is confirmed by numerous artifacts found during archaeological excavations. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

In the 20th century, two Scharnhorst cruisers were in service with the German naval forces. They participated in the First and Second World Wars. Both were named after the reformer of the Prussian army, the famous General Gerhard von Scharnhorst, who lived at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. In this article we will talk about these ships, the history of their creation, service and death. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Hitler's policy is a position of racial discrimination, the superiority of one people over others. This is what guided the Fuhrer in the domestic and foreign political life of the country. The goal was to turn Germany into a "racially pure" state that would stand at the head of the whole world. All the actions of Hitler, both in internal and external state activities, were directed to the fulfillment of this super-task. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Trade contacts influenced southern and central Greece from an older state located on the island of Crete. Subsequently, Arthur Zvans, who was an archaeologist and discoverer of the Cretan civilization, called it Minoan. Relations with the Minoans played an important role in the development of the early Mycenaean Greek civilization. The Greeks borrowed almost everything from the Cretans: from culture to writing. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Dzhermen Mikhailovich Gvishiani is a well-known philosopher and sociologist. Recognized specialist in the field of management. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences. He is also known for his family ties with the top leadership of the USSR, including Alexei Kosygin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Under the concept meant a survey of residents of the neighborhood, who are not interested in the case, about the life and identity of the suspect. Roundabout people were questioned not in court, but on the spot. In the courtroom, reference was made to the interviewees without giving names. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Almost everyone has heard about the city of Odessa, but not everyone knows who Osip Mikhailovich Deribas is, who is directly related to it. However, at birth, this man had a completely different name. The biography of Osip Mikhailovich Deribas, his activities and role in the history of Russia will be described in this essay. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Leonid Mikhailovich Zakovsky - a well-known Soviet employee of the state security agencies. He held the position of Commissioner of State Security of the first rank. He was a member of a special troika of the NKVD of the USSR. In this article, we will talk about the rise and fall of his career. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01