Vocabulary is a very important part of language science. She learns words and their meanings. It's no secret: the richer the language stock of a person, the more beautiful and figurative his speech. Most new words can be learned by reading. It often happens that a new word is found in a book or magazine, in which case a dictionary of lexical meanings will help, it is also called explanatory. The most common are those issued by V. I. Dahl and S. I. Ozhegov. They are the ones that the modern science of language trusts.
Vocabular we alth of the Russian language
The language, including Russian, is a developing phenomenon. New cultures, inventions of science and technology appear, one civilization replaces another. Of course, all this is reflected in the language. Some words appear, some disappear. It is the vocabulary that reacts vividly to these changes. All this is the richness of the language. K. Paustovsky gave a very colorful explanation of the totality of words, saying that for each surrounding phenomenon or object there is a corresponding “good” word, or even more than one.
Scientists have proven that for one person to understandfor another, it is enough to have 4-5 thousand words in stock, but this is not enough for beautiful, figurative speech. The Russian language is one of the most beautiful, so it is simply necessary to use its we alth. Moreover, knowledge of individual words with their interpretations is not enough (for this, you can simply learn a dictionary of lexical meanings). It is much more important to know related words, their figurative meaning, to understand and use antonyms, to use homonymous units.
The lexical meaning of the word
Word is the most important unit of any language. It is from them that combinations and subsequently sentences are made, with which people communicate with each other. How to distinguish one word from another? With the help of phonetics. Lexical meaning will also help with this. This is what separates the words. They can denote, for example, objects, people or living beings (table, teacher, wolf); natural phenomena (wind, frost), actions (run, look), signs (beautiful, pink).
Over the centuries, words can change their lexical meaning. Let's take the word garden as an example. Until the 20th century, this word also meant a garden. In modern times, the lexical meaning has changed: a garden is now a fenced place where vegetables are grown.
There are words whose lexical meaning is a certain image that is easy to imagine and depict: a tree, a closet, a flower. For others, it is very abstract: love, grammar, music. The lexical meaning of the Russian language is summarized in explanatory dictionaries. It happensseveral ways of interpretation: words with the same meaning. For example, a path is a road. Some dictionaries offer a detailed explanation: a path is a specific place in space along which one moves.
Why do you need to know the lexical meaning
It is very important to know the lexical meaning - this will save you from some spelling mistakes. For example:
- Trying on wedding dresses is a tedious but enjoyable process.
- She was always good at reconciling her enemies.
In the first example, the word "try on" is used in the meaning of "try on", so you should write e in the root. In the second sentence, it is about the world, so a letter is also required in the root.
Lexical meaning differs not only from words, but also from morphemes. So, the prefix at - is used when it comes to the incompleteness of the action, close proximity, approximation or attachment; pre - in cases where the highest degree of something is meant (funny - very funny, but: move (attachment), sit down (incomplete), seaside (close to the sea).
There are also roots that have different lexical meanings. These are such as - poppy - / - mok -; - equal -/- equal -. If the word means immersion in a liquid, you should write - poppy - (dip cookies in milk), another thing - the meaning of "pass, absorb liquid", in this case writing is required - wet - (wet feet). The root - equal - should be written when it comes to equality (equation); - level -used in the meaning of something smooth, even (trimming bangs).
Single-valued and multi-valued words
The we alth of words in the Russian language consists of those units that have several or only one lexical meaning. These are single and multiple words. The former have only one interpretation: birch, scalpel, Moscow, pizza. As can be seen from the examples, the group of unambiguous words includes proper names, recently emerged or foreign words, also narrowly focused. These are all kinds of terms, the names of professions, the names of animals.
There are many more polysemantic words in the language, that is, those that have several meanings. As a rule, interpretations unfold around a certain feature or meaning. The explanatory dictionary will tell you that the word is polysemantic. The meanings of such tokens are listed below the numbers. Let's take the word "earth" as an example. It has several interpretations:
- One of the planets of the solar system.
- Land - opposition to the concepts of "water" and "sky".
- Soil is a fertile layer that allows you to grow all kinds of crops.
- Territory belonging to someone.
- For some countries, a federal unit.
Direct and figurative meaning of the word
All polysemantic words can contain direct or figurative interpretation. If the task “Explain the lexical meaning of words” is encountered, you need to look into the explanatory dictionary. There, next to the value, it will be indicated whether it is direct or figurative. The first is the main one; secondformed on the basis of the main principle of similarity.
For example, consider the word "hat". First, its main meaning is a headdress with small fields. Based on the similarity, a figurative interpretation was formed: the upper part of an object, expanded and flat - a mushroom cap or a nail.
).
Sometimes there are cases when only a figurative meaning appears in a language, and to complete a task, such as "Determine the lexical meaning of words", you will need not only an explanatory, but also an etymological dictionary. For example, this was the case with the adjective "red". Its direct meaning "beautiful" is preserved only in ancient toponyms ("Red Square") or folklore (proverbs).
Homonyms
Meanings of words can be compared, opposed. The program studies such relationships for grades 5-6. The lexical meaning of homonyms, synonyms and antonyms is very interesting. Consider all these kinds of words.
Homonyms are those words that are identical in pronunciation or spelling, but their meaning is completely different. So, the words carnations (flowers) and carnations (pointed rods for fastening materials) are spelled the same and pronounced differently. Another example: a braid is a type of hairstyle, and a braid is an agricultur altool. Homonyms can also be grammatical. So, in the phrases "flood the oven" and "bake pies." The word oven is a noun in the first case and a verb in the second. Do not confuse the concepts of homonymy and ambiguity. The first does not imply any similarity between concepts, while the second is based on the principle of similarity of some feature.
Synonyms
Synonyms are words with identical lexical meaning. For example, the words "friend, buddy, comrade, shirt-guy" have the meaning of a close, trusted person. However, synonyms still differ in shades of meaning. Friend, for example, denotes a particularly close person.
Synonyms also have different stylistic connotations. So, the shirt-guy is used in colloquial speech. As a rule, synonyms are words of one part of speech, however, they can be stable combinations. Knowing the phenomenon of synonymy helps to avoid spelling errors. So, in order to find out the correct spelling of a particle not with nouns or adjectives, you must follow the algorithm: "define the lexical meaning and try to find a synonym without not: enemy - enemy ".
Antonyms
Antonyms are words that differ diametrically in lexical meaning: friend - enemy; go - run; deep - shallow; up down. As you can see, the phenomenon of antonymy is characteristic of any parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. The use of such words gives speech a special expressiveness, helpsconvey especially important thoughts to the listener or reader, therefore very often words opposite in meaning are found in folk sayings - proverbs. For example, "Softly spreads, but hard to sleep." In this case, "soft - hard" are antonyms.
As you can see, the Russian language is very diverse, so the topic of word interpretation has been studied for several years. In addition, it is included in the main school exams, where it occurs, for example, the task "Explain the lexical meaning of words" or "Choose a synonym / antonym / homonym for the word" and so on.
