All languages on Earth are very different, but they are typologically organized according to one of two concepts: some are agglutinative and some are inflectional. These concepts are a kind of set of rules by which words in a language are linked to each other and form new ones.
Agglutinative languages are structured like this: there is a certain significant basis, which contains the main lexical meaning, and affixes, i.e. other morphemes, are added to it in a certain, strictly stipulated order. Agglutinative languages include Finnish, Estonian, Turkish and other languages.
In inflectional languages there is also a root that has only a lexical meaning, but affixes are polysemantic. A striking example of an inflectional language is Russian, and affixes are endings, prefixes and suffixes of the Russian language. They change when the shape changes.
Suffix in Russian can have many meanings. Consider, for example, participles in the present tense of the active voice - they are formed using the suffixes -usch- / -yushch-. The suffix in Russian -usch-(-yusch-) has at the same timethe meaning of the verb and its impersonal form - the present participle and the active voice. In an agglutinative language, the suffix -usch-(-yusch-) would be three suffixes with three different meanings.
Word-formative and formative suffixes and prefixes
The prefix and suffix in Russian can be formative, i.e. form new forms of the word, change its non-permanent features (for example, the suffix of a verb in Russian in the past tense -l- changes the form of the verb from present to past, but it remains a verb) and word-formers, i.e. those that change the meaning of the word (for example, the prefix v-: walk - enter). The prefix is more often word-forming, the suffix in Russian is formative. Endings are only formative. Inflectional languages include Russian, Arabic, Latin, Greek.
Participle suffixes
It is very interesting to study the classification of participle suffixes and their spelling. Time is taken into account (past and present - there is no future for participles), voice (active or passive) in the conjugation to which the verb that forms this participle belongs. The present participle of the active voice has a suffix in Russian -usch-(-yushch-) for the first declension and -ashch-(-yash-) for the second. In the past of the same voice - suffixes -sh-/-vsh-. The passive in the present tense is -em-/-im-, and in the past tense the suffixes of verbs in Russian are represented -n-/-nn- and -t- (bent). The last form of the participle is often confused with the adjective, but it is not possible to distinguish between them.it’s so difficult: a participle cannot have nouns dependent on it. It turns out that in total 4 participles can be formed from the verb, but this does not always work out.
It is impossible to divide languages into complex and simple, beautiful and ugly. On the one hand, it is laborious to memorize tables of endings, studying inflectional ones, and on the other hand, try to understand how to include an indirect object in incorporating ones. It all depends on what language you are a native speaker and what languages you have learned before. In any case, learning each language is an exciting and rewarding experience.
