As the great German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche once said, "everything is known in comparison." Indeed, humanity has a huge range of goods and services. People compete with each other, choose their friends and partners for family life. Thus, mentally, we constantly compare something with each other. And in order to express this verbally and in writing, we use those independent parts of speech that denote signs of objects, other signs or actions. For this, there are degrees of comparison of adverbs and adjectives, the rules for the formation of which we will consider in this article.
Morphology
An adverb is an independent part of speech that can denote a sign of action (run how? - fast; read how? - carefully), a sign of a sign (lit like? - brightly; how strong? - very), and in rare cases, in combination with a number of definite nouns, a sign of the subject (still a child, reading aloud). In sentences, they are often located next to verbs, adjectives and other adverbs, playing the role of circumstances, and if they refer to a noun, then definitions. The degrees of comparison of adverbs express the difference or ratio of several actions or severalsigns, highlighting one of the two or one of all. And since, according to the rules of formation and application in a sentence, they are extremely similar to adjectives, it will not be difficult to remember them.
Words to use
Degrees of comparison of adverbs can be formed only from those representatives of this part of speech that are simultaneously qualitative-determinative, i.e. express the quality of a feature or action. For example: go fast, fight bravely, love tenderly, a lantern sparkling brightly. To understand this faster, you can remember a simple trick: the degree of comparison is formed only from those adverbs that can conditionally be turned into adjectives. Fast - fast, courageously - courageous, gently - gentle, bright - bright, etc. With the rest of the adverbs of time (always, late), places (far, ahead), reasons (involuntarily, rashly), goals (in mockery, on purpose), measure and degree (a lot, a little bit), mode of action (on foot, frowningly) it is clearly impossible to do so. This happens because only qualitative adverbs were formed from a similar category of adjectives by removing the ending and adding the suffix "-o".
Note
From here follows the danger of making a mistake in determining the part of speech. Namely, short forms of adjectives are easy to confuse with quality adverbs. For example, let's take two simple sentences: "She jokes funny" and "Yes, it's funny." In the first case, the adverb is implied because itrefers to the verb (predicate), denotes a sign of this action, therefore, answers the question "how?" and is a circumstance. In the second sentence, the word "high" is a short form of the adjective, depends on the pronoun (subject), expresses the property of the object, answers the question "what is it?" and emphasized as a predicate. Therefore, in order to distinguish between these two parts of speech in a sentence, it is necessary to analyze the problematic word above, and then everything will become clear.
How to form a comparative form of an adverb
There is another possibility of erroneous confusion. The problem is that the comparative form of the degree of comparison of adverbs is formed in exactly the same way as for adjectives, i.e. by adding the suffixes “-e, -ee, -ee, -she, -zhe” to the root, sometimes they are cut off or the last letters are replaced, and in some cases the whole word is modified. For example, "far - further, close - closer, beautiful - more beautiful / more beautiful / more beautiful, good - better, small - less." This is how the formation of a simple (synthetic) form of the degree of comparison of adverbs occurs, the table will include it at the bottom of the first column, and it is it that is identical to the adjectives in the text. Again, let's take two sentences as an example: "He jumped higher" and "This boy is higher." Analysis is also needed here: for example, in the first case, this adverb refers to the predicate, means a sign of action, answers the question “how?”, And in the second example, it is an adjective. Another form of the degree of comparison (composite / analytical) for theseparts of speech is different, although it is formed in the same way, by adding an auxiliary word "more" or "less". For example, "higher" and "less close" for adjectives, "higher" and "less close" for adverbs.
How to form an excellent shape
Adverbs express comparatively that for a given action/attribute, the designated word is more characteristic than for another. In addition, there is another form, which is called "excellent". It distinguishes a given action/attribute from all, expressing it in the highest degree of comparison of adverbs, and is formed by adding an auxiliary word "all" (compound) or suffixes "-eishe, -aishe" (simple). The latter is typical only for certain words, mainly obsolete (most humbly, lowest), and therefore is practically not indicated in reference books on the Russian language. But on the other hand, a composite form of the degree of comparison of adverbs is used. You can think of exercises and examples with it from any words: jump the highest, be the lowest, ride the farthest, perform the best, etc.
