The activity of a person in the past, his worldview, his role in society - all this is the subject of study of the humanities of history. She, relying on documents and traces of disappeared eras, explains the life of previous generations.
Increasingly sounding question: "Was there a yoke?"
And what to do when there are no concrete traces, but there are only mentions of them in the annals, the data of which have always been questioned? How many generations have studied the Mongol-Tatar yoke in schools! Now, not only has this term been removed from historical science and replaced by the phrase "Golden Horde", but absolutely everything related to this phenomenon is being disputed. Even questions are asked: “Did she even undertake trips to Russia?” And quite convincing facts are given that she did not take it. However, many people from the school bench are sure that Russia was under the yoke for 200 years, and the “label for reigning” of the Khans of the Golden Horde to the Russiansgiven to princes. But for some reason, none of them survived.
Document known by hearsay
This kind of documents, as well as their existence in general, is known only from chronicles. However, in later works of literature and art, the very fact of trips to bow to the Horde khans was repeatedly described. The artist Boris Chorikov (1802-1866), known as the illustrator of Karamzin's "History of Russia", painted the strife of the Russian princes, arranged by them right in front of the contented khan, for the right to receive a "label for reigning." What was this document? What made the princes with rich gifts "go" to the court of the Horde Khan? It was a permission issued by the ruler of the ulus of Jochi, or the Golden Horde, a powerful state with a huge army, which, if necessary, confirmed the force of this decree with sabers. The Khan, having accepted the gifts, allowed the one who brought them to rule in a certain inheritance, even if at that time his own prince was sitting there. Khan, as a cunning eastern politician, skillfully used the "label for reigning" in order to pit the county princes. Thus, controlled Russia for a long time could not unite for a joint rebuff to the Horde. As a result of such a policy of the khans, the specific rulers went to war against each other, weakening the fragmented Russia.
Dependence of Russia
It became possible because in 1237-1242 the Mongols invaded Russia. It is very interesting that the term "yoke" was not used anywhere in the domestic literature. And why it was necessary to adopt a "word" for the first timeapplied by the Polish chronicler Jan Dolgush, knowing that this country can distort any fact in order to annoy or humiliate Russia. Yes, and it was applied at the end of the 15th century, when there was no trace of the so-called "yoke". After the Horde invasion, our country was placed in vassalage - tributary and political. The idea of issuing a “label for reigning” was apparently born at the headquarters of the khan, because the first trip, and all subsequent trips, began with the call of the prince to the court.
First Prince to be Labeled
Prince Vladimir-Suzdal Yuri Vsevolodovich died at the walls of the legendary Kitezh, his brother Yaroslav was summoned to Harakorum, the capital of the Mongol Empire. His first trip is considered very successful and was even called a diplomatic success. It was he, the father of Alexander Nevsky, who received the first label for reigning. During the second visit to the Horde, he was poisoned by the regent Turashna, the widow of kaan Ogedei. She immediately called Alexander to court, possibly with the same purpose of murder. But for various reasons, the Novgorod prince did not appear in the Horde for 4 years. The poisoner herself suffered the same fate - two months after her son's accession to the throne, she was killed in the same way. At the court of Khan Batu, those still passions raged.
Intrigues and intrigues
It was necessary to go to the khan's headquarters, because only the prince who received the label to reign was considered the legitimate ruler. Moreover, this applied not only to the Grand Dukes, but also to specific ones. The legally elected prince of Kyiv who hesitated with the tripSvyatoslav was replaced by his brother Mikhail. Why was this charter so desirable? First, the Mongols came to Russia for tribute. But popular unrest began, especially in Novgorod. The Horde preferred to manage the principalities from afar and therefore shifted the collection of tribute to the princes themselves. That is, the place of the prince was more than bread - much more tribute was levied than was given to the Horde. The prince, who received a label for reigning, significantly increased his we alth. That is why the wicked hurried, bypassing the legitimate rulers, to fall at the feet of the Khan, who was considered the supreme ruler of Russia. The trips there were costly and time consuming. So, the cunning politician Ivan Kalita spent most of his reign in the Horde and the road, getting there and from there. The grandson of Alexander Nevsky, Moscow Prince Yuri III Danilovich, lived at headquarters for 2 years, married the sister of the Khan, thus earning a label for a great reign.
Beautiful, all-powerful, vanished
According to the stories, the label was a golden plate, the edges of which were rounded. It had a hole for hanging. It is more than strange why not a single Golden Label remains. Made of precious metal, not subject to time, which plays such a huge role in the history of Russia - and disappeared. Labels were also issued to the clergy. They all disappeared en masse. The trouble of Ancient Russia was that the rulers, as a rule, had many sons, and large territorial formations were divided between them, turning into small specific principalities. A sensible politician appearedcombined them for a while, and then everything repeated. So, by the beginning of the 13th century in Russia, in addition to a number of small ones, there were two large principalities - Vladimir and Kiev, and the first was much more powerful and larger in size than the second. Therefore, to receive a label for the Great reign of Vladimir was the cherished dream of many princes, including Alexander Nevsky. He finally reached the Horde with his brother Andrey and received permission for the Kyiv table, which was very offended.
