The problem of the purposefulness of human activity cannot be called new. Each work must be done to obtain a certain result. The goal is a factor that determines the nature and method of carrying out activities, methods and means of achieving it. The lesson is the main form of pedagogical activity. Its result is a system-forming element. In practice, different objectives of the lesson are realized: educational, developing, educational. Consider them.
General characteristics
The triune goal of the lesson is the result pre-programmed by the teacher. It must be achieved both by himself and by the children. The key word here is "triune". Despite the fact that 3 objectives of the lesson are didactically identified - developing, educational, cognitive, they are not achieved separately or in stages. Upon receipt of the planned result, they appear simultaneously. The task of the teacher is tocorrectly formulate the overall goal and design the means to achieve it.
Cognitive aspect
All the goals of the lesson - educational, developing, upbringing - are implemented in close unity. Their achievement requires the implementation of certain rules. When implementing the cognitive aspect of the activity, the teacher must:
- To teach a child to independently obtain information (knowledge). To do this, the teacher must have sufficient methodological training and the ability to form, develop the activity of children.
- Providing depth, strength, speed, flexibility, consistency, awareness and completeness of knowledge.
- To help build skills. Children should develop accurate, unmistakable actions, which, due to repeated repetition, are brought to automatism.
- To contribute to the formation of skills. They are a set of skills and knowledge that ensure the effective implementation of activities.
- Contribute to the formation of super-subject, key competencies. This, in particular, is about a complex of skills, knowledge, semantic orientations, experience, skills of children in relation to a specific range of objects of reality.
Nuances
The objectives of the lesson (educational, developing, educational) are often set in the most general form. Let's say "learn the rule", "get an idea of the law" and so on. It is worth saying that in such formulations the goal of the teacher is expressed more. By the end of the lesson, it is quite difficult to ensure that all children approach the achievement of such results. In thisconnection, it is advisable to take into account the opinion of the teacher Palamarchuk. She believes that when planning the cognitive aspect of an activity, one should specifically indicate the level of skills, knowledge, and skills that are proposed to be achieved. It can be creative, constructive, reproductive.
Educational and developmental objectives of the lesson
These aspects are considered the most difficult for the teacher. When planning them, the teacher almost always faces difficulties. This is due to several reasons. First of all, the teacher often seeks to plan a new developmental goal at each lesson, forgetting that training and education occur much faster. The independence of personality formation is very relative. It is realized mainly as a result of the correct organization of education and training. From this follows the conclusion. A developmental goal can be formulated for several lessons, classes of an entire topic or section. The second reason for the emergence of difficulties lies in the lack of knowledge by the teacher of the pedagogical and psychological areas directly related to the structure of the personality and those of its aspects that need to be improved. Development should be carried out in a complex and concern:
- Speech.
- Thinking.
- Sensory Sphere.
- Motor activity.
Speech
Its development involves work on the complication and enrichment of the vocabulary, the semantic function of the language, and the strengthening of communicative characteristics. Children shouldown expressive means and artistic images. The teacher must constantly remember that the formation of speech is an indicator of the general and intellectual development of the child.
Thinking
As part of achieving the developmental goal, the teacher in the course of activity forms and contributes to the improvement of logical skills:
- Analyze.
- Define what matters.
- Match.
- Build analogies.
- Summarize, systematize.
- Rebut and prove.
- Define and clarify concepts.
- Pose a problem and solve it.
Each of these skills has a certain structure, techniques and operations. For example, a teacher sets a developmental goal to form the ability to compare. Within 3-4 lessons, such thinking operations should be created in which children identify objects for comparison, highlight key features and indicators of comparison, establish differences and similarities. The development of skills will eventually ensure the development of the ability to compare. As noted by the famous psychologist Kostyuk, in pedagogical activity it is necessary to determine the immediate goal. It involves the acquisition of specific knowledge, skills and abilities by children. It is also important to see long-term results. It, in fact, lies in the development of schoolchildren.
Extra
The formation of the sensory sphere is associated with the development of orientation on the ground and in time, the eye, the subtlety and accuracy of distinguishing colors, shadows,Sveta. Children also improve their ability to differentiate shades of speech, sounds, and forms. As for the motor sphere, its development is connected with the regulation of muscular work. The result in this case is the formation of the ability to control their movements.
Educational goals, lesson objectives
Before talking about them, you need to pay attention to an important fact. Truly developing education is always educative. Here it is quite appropriate to say that educating and teaching is like a "zipper" on a jacket. Two sides are tightened simultaneously and firmly by the movement of the lock - creative thought. She is the main one in the class. If in the course of training the teacher constantly involves children in active cognition, provides them with the opportunity to independently solve problems, forms group work skills, then not only development takes place, but also education. The lesson allows you to influence the formation of a variety of personal qualities using various methods, means, forms. The educational goal of the lesson involves the formation of the correct attitude to generally accepted values, moral, environmental, labor, aesthetic qualities of the individual.
Specifics
During the lesson, a certain line of influence on the behavior of children is formed. This is ensured by the creation of a system of relations between an adult and a child. Shchurkova says that the educational goal of the lesson involves the formation of children's planned reactions to the phenomena of the surrounding life. The circle of relations is quite wide. This gives rise to the scaleeducational purpose. Meanwhile, the relationship is quite mobile. From lesson to lesson, the teacher sets one, second, third, etc. educational goal of the lesson. Relationship building is not a one-time event. This requires a certain period. Accordingly, the teacher's attention to educational tasks and goals should be constant.
Objects
In the lesson, the student interacts:
- With other people. All qualities, through which the attitude towards others is reflected, must be formed and improved by the teacher, regardless of subject matter. The reaction to "other people" is expressed through politeness, kindness, friendship, honesty. Humanity is an integral concept with respect to all qualities. The primary task of the teacher is the formation of humane interactions.
- To go. Attitude towards oneself is expressed by such qualities as pride, modesty, responsibility, exactingness, discipline and accuracy. They act as an external manifestation of the moral relations that have developed inside a person.
- With society and the team. The attitude of the child towards them is expressed in a sense of duty, diligence, responsibility, tolerance, and the ability to empathize. In these qualities, the reaction to classmates is more manifested. Through careful attitude to school property, efficiency, legal awareness, awareness of oneself as a member of society is expressed.
- With workflow. The child's attitude to work is expressed throughqualities such as responsibility when performing tasks, self-discipline, discipline.
- With Fatherland. Attitude towards the Motherland is manifested through participation in its problems, personal responsibility and conscientiousness.
Recommendations
Starting to determine the objectives of the lesson, the teacher:
- Studies the requirements for the system of skills and knowledge, program indicators.
- Defines the work methods the student needs to master.
- Sets values that help ensure the child's self-interest in the result.
General rules
Formulation of the goal allows you to organize the work of children in the final form. It also provides direction for their activities. The goal must be clear. Thanks to this, the teacher can determine the course of upcoming activities and the level of knowledge acquisition. There are several stages:
- Performance.
- Knowledge.
- Skills and skills.
- Creativity.
The teacher should set goals that he is sure of achieving. Accordingly, the results should be analyzed. If necessary, the goals in groups with weak students should be adjusted.
Requirements
Goals should be:
- Clearly articulated.
- Understood.
- Achievable.
- Verified.
- Specific.
A well-defined result of the lesson is only one, but an extremely important elementpedagogical skill. It lays the foundations for effective teaching. If the goals are not formulated, or they are fuzzy, the whole scenario of the lesson is built without a logical outcome. The incorrect forms for expressing the result are as follows:
- Study the topic "…".
- Expand children's horizons.
- Deepen knowledge on the topic "…".
The stated goals are non-specific and unverifiable. There are no criteria for their achievement. In the classroom, the teacher realizes the triune goal - teaches, educates, develops the child. Accordingly, formulating the final result, he carries out methodological activities.
Didactic indicators
The GEF defines the levels of knowledge acquisition by children. Part of the material the teacher should present as a fact-finding. This will ensure the formation of children's ideas about events, facts. This level of assimilation is considered the first. Didactic goals can be formulated as follows:
- Ensure children are familiar with methods of determining ….
- Promote the assimilation of the concept of "…".
- Ensure children's understanding of ….
- Contribute to the creation of skills….
The second level is the stage of retelling, knowledge. Goals can be to provide:
- Recognition with external support….
- Replay according to the pattern/proposed algorithm….
When formulating results at the second level, verbs such as"draw", "write", "reinforce", "report", "prepare", etc. The next stage is the creation of skills and abilities. Students perform actions, as a rule, as part of practical work. Targets can be:
- Promoting the mastery of technique….
- Striving to develop skills to work with ….
- Ensuring the systematization and generalization of material on the topic "…".
At this level, the verbs "highlight", "make", "apply knowledge" can be used.
Ensuring the skills to use the information received
For this, developmental goals are set. Children should be able to analyze, evaluate, compare, determine the main thing, improve memory, etc. The goals can be to create conditions for:
- Development of thinking. The teacher contributes to the formation of the skills of analysis, systematization, generalization, setting and solving problems, etc.
- Development of elements of creativity. Conditions are created under which spatial imagination, intuition, and ingenuity are improved.
- Development of worldview.
- Formation and improvement of written and oral speech skills.
- Development of memory.
- Improving critical thinking, the ability to engage in dialogue.
- Development of artistic taste and aesthetic ideas.
- Improving logical thinking. This is achieved on the basis of the assimilation of a causal relationship, a comparative analysis.
- Developmentresearch culture. The ability to use scientific methods (experiment, observation, hypotheses) is being improved.
- Developing the ability to formulate problems and propose solutions.
Moral outcomes
The educational goal of the lesson involves the formation of the best qualities in the child. Accordingly, concrete results should be planned before each lesson. Examples of the educational objectives of the lesson, as mentioned above, should not depend on the subject. However, in the implementation of specific activities on a specific topic, it contributes to the improvement of any qualities to a greater or lesser extent. Goals can be:
- Building the ability to listen to others.
- Education of curiosity, moral and aesthetic attitude to reality. This result can be obtained, in particular, during excursions, seminars, etc.
- Formation of the ability to empathize with failures and rejoice in the success of comrades.
- Education of self-confidence, the need to unleash the potential.
- Formation of the ability to manage one's behavior.
The educational goals of a history lesson can be to form respect for the Fatherland. As part of the subject, the teacher introduces children to the events that took place in the country, highlighting certain qualities of the people. Indicative in this sense is the period of the Second World War. The educational goals of the Russian language lesson can also be to instill respect for the Motherland. However, within this subjectthe emphasis is more on the need to develop a proper attitude towards speech. The educational goals of the Russian language lesson are also connected with the formation of the skills to conduct a dialogue, to listen to the interlocutor. Children should strive to exercise restraint in speaking.
Similar can be called the educational goals of the lesson of literature. Within the framework of this subject, the emphasis is on a comparative analysis of the behavior of certain heroes, the formulation of one's own assessment of their actions. The educational goals of a mathematics lesson involve the formation of such qualities as concentration, perseverance, responsibility for the result. In group work, children improve their interaction skills with each other. In particular, this is manifested when using game forms of the lesson. The educational goal of a computer science lesson involves instilling in children an understanding of the difference between the virtual and real world. They should be aware that the actual lack of responsibility in the network does not mean that it is possible not to comply with the moral and ethical standards accepted in society.
The educational goals of the English lesson are focused on instilling respect for another culture. When studying the features of communication in another country, children form an idea of the mentality, moral values, and ethical standards adopted in it. This will come in handy in the future.
