Modern life is changing so rapidly that a person is forced to constantly adjust their life plans, develop, and for this use a certain theoretical basis in each field of activity.
Project technologies in modern science
Due to the huge flow of information that falls on a modern person, project methods of mass education have acquired particular relevance. In the 21st century, the theoretical basis of research is no longer possible without the use of a research approach. Even if a person's life is not connected with scientific activity, it is difficult to be competitive in the modern world without projects and research. In order for the younger generation of graduates to feel confident in real life, at all levels of education, the theoretical foundations of activity are used to the maximum extent: design, research.
Russian education as the basis for the formation of scientific knowledge
If in the Soviet school teachers simply used the theoretical basis, teaching various academic disciplines, now they give preference to productive teaching methods. Domestic psychologists and teachers are developing new educational technologies in which the theoretical basis of the study is supplemented by a full-fledged experiment. Of particular interest is the results obtained by European specialists, who for several decades have been successfully applying in the learning process not only the theoretical foundations of studying information, but also adding practical research.
Theoretical aspects
Conscious purposeful innovative activity always presupposes the theoretical foundations of organization formation. Without the application of scientific development of technology problems and design methodology, it is impossible to manage the processes of modernization of production. Purposeful, conscious, theoretically developed and scientifically substantiated innovative activity is based on the theoretical provisions of design. At present, without the scientific development of the problems of methodology and design technology, it is impossible to manage the transformation processes. Issues related to design were considered in the works of domestic and foreign scientists: V. N. Burkov, Yu. V Gromyko, E. I. Mashbats, V. E. Radionov. M. M. Potashnik and E. A. Yamburg were closely connected with the theoretical basis for the creation of new learning models.
Features of terminology
For a long time, the term "project" was used more in the technical field. He was associated with the development of complexdocumentation. Currently, the project methodology is the theoretical basis for numerous areas of human activity: literary, theatrical, technical, musical. For example, considering the question of the significance of social design for parents, students, the object of the study will be the search for the importance of such an experiment.
Project implementation algorithm
There are certain theoretical foundations for the development of any project, regardless of its purpose. To begin with, a hypothesis is put forward, that is, the idea that is to be refuted or confirmed after the completion of the work. For example, if social research is planned, the possibility of students mastering the skills of project work in the course of educational and extracurricular activities can be chosen as an assumption.
Next, direct participants in the work are selected: representatives of civil society, parents, employees, students.
When setting goals, take into account the theoretical foundations of management, the specifics of the organization. Depending on the chosen direction of the project, tasks are put forward for it:
- study of the theoretical basis of the activity in question (education, tourism, production);
- identifying the significance of project implementation;
- studying the experience of competing companies.
At the next stage, the relevance of the work, its theoretical and practical significance is determined. The project itself involves an introduction, calculations, market analysis, conclusion, bibliography, implementation prospects, andalso economic risks.
Design work base
Design is the theoretical foundation of any company. It is associated with the beginning of changes in the artificial environment. This problem is multifaceted, it is equally suitable for all types of activities. It is design that is considered an important component of the life of a modern person, because each of us must set certain goals and strive to achieve them. Since such processes do not depend on the direction of activity, they are a cultural and historical phenomenon. This activity can be considered intellectual, because before “trying” on real material, it is necessary to predict, investigate, evaluate, and foresee the consequences of intentions. Thanks to the scientific basis of design, a new activity is created, the horizons of human subjectivity are expanding. There are certain features of the project:
- its relation to the future;
- orientation to a certain state after a period of time;
- representation as a system of means to achieve the future;
- availability of the beginning and end of project work.
When analyzing the theoretical foundations of enterprises specializing in project development, it is necessary to mention the performance criteria (essence).
- Direct connection with actual needs and a certain system of objective conditions.
- Linked to the importance of making consistent and responsible decisions.
Thisthe method is always aimed at independent activity, has a practice-oriented character. It is focused on a practical solution to a theoretically significant problem. The result obtained must be tangible, reproducible in real activity.
Requirements for using the project method
Theoretical foundations of analysis are impossible without such technology. It is important to have a problem that will require integrated knowledge. For example, it is required to study the demographic problem in various regions of the world, study acid rain, and create your own tourism business. Cognitive practical activity can be individual, group, collective. At each stage, intermediate results are supposed to be summed up. The peculiarity of the project method is that all members of the team are on an equal footing. Everyone has every opportunity to become a leader, to take responsibility for the work created.
Varieties of applying the theoretical foundations of design
Theoretical foundations of organizing an enterprise engaged in the provision of services are no different from other areas of activity. Even in ancient times, there were individuals and entire organizations that professionally provide expensive and complex services that require special scientific knowledge, skills, and certain equipment. In the 20th century, the service modernized a large-scale sphere of human activity. "Service" in translation from English is a special kindhuman activity, aimed at meeting the needs of the customer through the provision of a certain range of services.
Approaches to understanding the essence of service
Considering the theoretical foundations of enterprises of this direction, it is customary to single out their essence. Service is perceived as a form of human activity. Such large sectors of the economy as transport, finance, trade, the sports and entertainment industry, he althcare, management, education, and science are currently equated with the service sector. But there is also a classification based on four main forms of human activity:
1. The theoretical foundations make it possible to conduct a full-fledged material-transformative orientation of various services, due to which all the material needs of the population are fully satisfied. For example, having blueprints, you can create certain items and technical devices, repair equipment.
2. Thanks to the cognitive orientation of the service sector, not only the material, but also the spiritual needs of people are satisfied. For example, educational services and ICT technologies help educate the country's younger generation, process information at a professional level, and conduct statistical processing of the results of a firm or enterprise.
3. Thanks to the value-oriented form of activity, the significance of existing social and natural phenomena for society is established, and a detailed assessment is given to them. This is facilitated by advertising, expert, diagnostic,art directions.
4. A communicative kind of activity is a way of communication between organizations and individual consumers. This area includes service activities in the form of presentations, exhibitions, conferences, communication on the World Wide Web, negotiations, psychological training, communication services.
Applying the theoretical foundations of analysis, representatives of various types of service fully meet the needs of customers. In order to understand them, it is important to master the mechanism of this service.
What is a need
This is a state of a person that develops as a result of contradictions between the existing ones and the necessary ones, prompting active actions aimed at eliminating it. The service solves this problem. There is a division into primary and secondary needs. The former are physiological in nature, often congenital. For example, the need for water, food, sleep. The second are psychological in nature. Among their examples are affection, respect, success, power. They appear in humans gradually. Since everyone has their own experience, there are much more secondary needs than primary ones.
Modern European civilization has formed a worldview that links the cultural environment with social status, overall personality development, education level. Such a system of values requires conditions from society in which the full development of a free individual is possible. In Europe, such types of services are approved, thanks to whichdevelopment and enrichment of the individual. A modern European needs a certain set of life's blessings, which are not in the interests of a monk. The service offered today is guided by a flexible nature, a soft system of socio-cultural needs. This allows you to transform it in the direction that the consumer chooses.
F. Kotler said that a service is an event or benefit, thanks to which one party offers certain benefits to the other. There are different options for classifying species and types. The scientific basis allows the development of uniform criteria and schemes for their division, adopted in various countries and regions.
Interstate practice of some countries suggests their classification on the basis of interrelated criteria: scope, type of service. Typologically similar services are divided into:
- manufacturing (maintenance, leasing, engineering, equipment repair);
- professional (insurance, banking, advertising, consulting);
- consumer (bulk);
- public (education, radio, culture, television).
Given historical business practices, it is possible to subdivide services based on a sectoral approach. For example, in modern Russia there is a successfully functioning special classifier of services provided to the population.
Conclusion
Any educational institution in modern conditions is obliged to create optimal conditions for the normal development of a person who hascreative and critical thinking, self-reliance skills. Without theoretical knowledge, such institutions cannot cope with the tasks set. Among the many methods that contribute to the development of independence, the ability to adapt to the changing realities of modern society, a special place belongs to design technologies. Not a single field of activity, a developing enterprise, can do without its own research and projects. Starting options are suitable for those who decide to try their hand at business. They not only help to master scientific knowledge, but also contribute to their application in practice. Current projects help to independently solve certain problems, comprehend theoretical material, apply information in new conditions.
The starting project is the development of ways for students to master (taking into account their inclination and interest) the subject material and work planning for a certain perspective. Thus, each student is given a real right to choose the way of his advancement in mastering the material given by the program.
Final developments always help to approach the results in certain disciplines, the work of the company for the analyzed period of time. Depending on the content, single-subject, inter-subject studies are distinguished. The tourism business is supposed to specialize in organizing leisure activities for clients. But even in this non-manufacturing sphere, one cannot do without a full-fledged scientific basis. Before offering certain destinations to customers, company employees study detailed information about all the intricacies of the tour in order toanswer questions that their customers will definitely have. Modern services provided to consumers are also interconnected with theoretical knowledge. In any sphere of human life and activity, the ability to use scientific information comes first, adapting it depending on real conditions, to a specific situation.
