The ending -ed in English allows you to bring communication to new times - the past and the perfect. Studied at the elementary level. The use of this ending is necessary for the formation of the logical or artistic content of the text. Ignoring the rule leads to violations in the construction of the entire text. It's as if in Russian we said: "I come home", "I eat before work." That is, we use only one form of the verb - the infinitive - and it looks terrible and is difficult to read. The rules for the ending -ed in English form a strict order of correct spelling and pronunciation. Let's consider them in order, starting with the construction rules.
Writing
When writing, the ending -ed is simply added to the word. For example: talk - talked, open - opened, close - closed.
There are several exceptions to spelling:
- When the verb ends with -e, only -d is added. For example: agree - agreed, smile - smiled, save - saved.
- If the word ends in -y preceded by a consonant, then -yis replaced by -i and the ending -ed is added. For example: marry - married, cry - cried, try - tried.
- If the ending is a consonant preceded by a stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled. For example: stop - stopped, drop - dropped, rob - robbed.
Pronunciation
One of the main mistakes is pronunciation. Many people pronounce the -ed ending as [ed], which is incorrect. The correct option is [id], [t] or [d], depending on the situation.
For example, use cases with the sound [id]: invited [invaitid], visited [visitid]. Used only after sounds [t] or [d].
Pronunciation with sound [t] is used after voiceless consonants (except [t]). For example: helped [helpt], liked [laikt].
The sound [d] is pronounced after voiced consonants (except [d]) or vowels. For example: loved [lʌvd], called [kɔːld].
Ignoring these pronunciation rules can be fraught with a distortion of meaning, and it will be difficult for the interlocutor to understand you. So it is better to memorize these rules and develop the habit of observing them. Also, you do not need to muffle the endings, which should be voiced. It takes practice. It is best to try to pronounce words slowly, sound by sound, only then you will be able to develop the correct pronunciation.
Regular and irregular verbs
Very important note: there are regular and irregular verbs. We considered the correct ones in previous examples. At educationpast tense or passive voice to these verbs, in accordance with the rules, the ending -ed is added.
At the same time, regular verbs have the same second and third forms. That is, when using the tenses of the Perfect group, we put the verb in the third form and, since both forms coincide, we write it down in the same way. For example, let's take the verb live (to live) and write out all three forms:
- live;
- lived;
- lived.
The situation is more complicated with irregular verbs. Each of them has its own second and third forms. They may or may not match. For example, take the verb build (build):
- build;
- built;
- built.
Or, another example - the verb break (to break):
- break;
- broke;
- broken.
There is no rule for forming irregular verbs, you just need to remember them. For this case, there are special tables of irregular verbs.
Use
The form of verbs with the ending -ed is mainly used in the affirmative form Past Simple (past simple), that is, when it is necessary to say about past events (ate, slept, did, etc.). In this tense, the verb is put in the second form. At the same time, the ending -ed is not used in the negative or the question, because there is an auxiliary verb did, which means that the main verb does not change.
For example, the affirmative form Past Simple: I played football yesterday. - I played football yesterday.
Negative form:I didn't play football yesterday. - I didn't play football yesterday.
Interrogative form: Did you play football yesterday? - Did you play football yesterday?
Also, the ending -ed is used in Passive Voice, that is, when we need to emphasize the importance of a property or action of an object. For example: The TV was sold (The TV was sold). We emphasize the properties of the TV (it is sold).
All forms of the Perfect tense require the use of the third form of the verb. In our case, we are considering regular verbs, which means that the third form will be identical to the second.
For example, using the Present Perfect: We have decided to go home - We decided to go home.
